Homeostatic Imbalances

• Ptosis - a condition when the kidneys may drop to a lower position
• Ptosis - creates problems if the ureters, which drain urine from the kidneys, become kinked
• Hydronephrosis - when urine that can no longer pass through the ureters backs up and exerts pressure on the kidney tissue
• Oliguria - an abnormally low urinary output if it is between 100 and 400 ml/day
• Anuria - when the urine output is less than 100 ml/day
• Renal Calculi - when urine becomes extremely concentrated, solutes form crystals that precipitate in the renal pelvis
• What is the other term for Renal Calculi?

  Kidney Stones
• Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra
• Cystitis - bladder inflammation
• Pyelonephritis or pyelitis - kidney inflammation
• What does UTI means?

  Urinary Tract Infection
• Dysuria - means painful urination
• Incontinence - occurs when a person is unable to voluntarily control the external urethral sphincter
• Urinary Retention - essentially the opposite of incontinence; in this condition, the bladder is unable to empty completely
• Hyperplasia - enlargement of the prostate
• Polyuria - excrete large volumes of urine
• Addison's Disease - a hypoaldosteronism, results to the lose tremendous amounts of salts and water to urine
• Hypospadias - a condition found in male babies, occurs when the urethral orifice is located on the ventral surface of the penis
• Urgency - a feeling that it is necessary to void
• Frequency - frequent voiding of small amounts of urine
• Nocturia - the need to get up during the night to urinate