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• prebiotic earth gas condiitions: High ammonia (NH3 ), High hydrogen (H2 ), High methane (CH4 ) which are all volatile gasses that when combined can combust
• prebiotic earth conditions: high volatile gases (ammonia, methane, hydrogen), low oxygen, high temp, no ozone layer so intense uv levels, low water initially, trapped water eventually released from mantle and created oceans
• nitrogen cycle

  1. Nitrogen fixation
  2. Nitrification
  3. Denitrification
  4. Ammonification
  5. Assimilation
• carbon cycle

  1. Decomposition
  2. Photosynthesis
  3. Respiration
  4. Carbon sequestration
  5. Methane Production and Consumption
• Nitrogen fixation: ONE, nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert N2 (a form that organisms cannot use)into NH4+ (a form that plants can use)
• Nitrification: TWO, NH4+ is converted to NO2- then NO3- (primary form taken up by most plants) by nitrifying bacteria.
• denitrification: THREE, denitrifying bacteria convert NO3- and NO2- back into N2 or N2O. returns nitrogen to atmosphere, closes cycle, prevents accumulation of excess nitrates in environment
• ammonification: FOUR, decomposers break down dead organic matter releasing ammonium
• assimilation: FIVE, living things absorb the ammonia from environment and incorporate it into their biomass
• Beermaking: The yeast uses the sugar to respire excreting carbon dioxide and alcohol which adds bubbles to the beer
• Breadmaking: The yeast uses the sugar to respire excreting carbon dioxide and alcohol which causes the dough to rise (alcohol evaporates)
• yeast fermentation: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
• cheese and yoghurt (bacteria): Lactose + Water → Lactic Acid