Comparison of Approaches

• What is the main idea of environmental determinism in behaviorism?

  Behavior is caused by external environmental forces outside of our control.
• How are phobias explained in behaviorism?

  Phobias are learned through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning.
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning through the association of stimulus and response.
• What role does negative reinforcement play in operant conditioning?

  It maintains fear by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
• What does social learning theory propose about behavior?

  Behavior is caused by environmental factors, particularly observation.
• What are mediational processes in social learning theory?

  Mediational processes allow for free choice in behavior after observing others.
• How can aggressive behavior be learned according to social learning theory?

  Through observing models and whether their behavior is vicariously reinforced.
• How does cognitive theory relate to soft determinism?

  Behavior is influenced by internal mental processes, allowing for choice in attention.
• What is the focus of cognitive therapies like CBT?

  To change the way a person thinks to treat mental disorders.
• What does biological determinism suggest about behavior?

  Behavior is caused by internal biological factors such as genes and hormones.
• What is an example of a behavior explained by biological determinism?

  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
• How does psychodynamic theory explain behavior?

  Behavior is determined by unconscious drives and early childhood experiences.
• What does the humanistic perspective emphasize about free will?

  Individuals are active agents capable of making freely chosen decisions.
• What is an example of fixation in psychodynamic theory?

  Fixation during the anal stage leading to excessive organization in adulthood.
• What is an example of personal growth in humanistic psychology?

  Client-centered therapy helps individuals discover their own solutions.
• What are the key concepts of reductionism and holism in psychology?

  • **Reductionism**: Breaking down behavior into simpler components.
  • **Holism**: Viewing behavior as a whole, considering context and complexity.
• What is environmental reductionism in behaviorism?

  Breaking down human behavior to stimulus and response associations.
• How does social learning theory approach reductionism?

  It combines behavioral stimulus-response with cognitive mental processes.
• What is machine reductionism in cognitive psychology?

  Breaking human behavior down to computer models and information processing.
• How does biological reductionism explain behavior?

  It breaks behavior down to specific biological processes.
• What does the psychodynamic approach combine in its view of behavior?

  Reductionism and holism by considering unconscious forces and childhood experiences.
• How does the humanistic approach view behavior?

  As more than the sum of its parts, emphasizing context and richness.
• What are the treatment methods associated with different psychological approaches?

  • **Behaviorist**: Systematic desensitization, flooding, token economy.
  • **Cognitive**: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
  • **Biological**: Drug therapy (e.g., SSRIs, antipsychotics).
  • **Psychodynamic**: Psychoanalysis.
  • **Humanistic**: Client Centered Therapy (CCT).
• What is systematic desensitization used for?

  To treat phobias.
• What is the aim of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?


  To identify and eliminate faulty thinking that leads to maladaptive behavior.
• What type of therapy is used in biological treatment?

  Drug therapy.
• What is the focus of psychoanalysis in psychodynamic therapy?

  To help treat anxiety and phobias through talking therapy.
• What is the primary focus of client-centered therapy?

  To help individuals close the gap between their ideal self and actual self.
• What is the difference between idiographic and nomothetic approaches in psychology?

  • **Idiographic**: Focus on individual cases and unique experiences.
  • **Nomothetic**: Aim to establish general laws and principles applicable to all.
• What approach is behaviorism classified under in terms of idiographic vs nomothetic?

  Nomothetic.
• How does social learning theory fit into the idiographic vs nomothetic framework?

  It aims to establish general laws of behavior.
• What does cognitive psychology propose regarding idiographic and nomothetic approaches?

  It uses both, proposing general principles while also utilizing case studies.
• How does biological psychology relate to idiographic and nomothetic approaches?

  It is primarily nomothetic, establishing general laws about brain functions.
• What does the psychodynamic approach combine in its idiographic vs nomothetic view?

  It establishes general laws while investigating individual experiences.
• How does the humanistic approach fit into the idiographic vs nomothetic framework?

  It is mainly idiographic but partially nomothetic with general laws like self-actualization.
• What are the nature vs nurture perspectives in psychology?

  • **Nature**: Behavior is innate and influenced by biological factors.
  • **Nurture**: Behavior is learned and shaped by environmental factors.
• What perspective does behaviorism take in the nature vs nurture debate?

  Nurture, as behavior is learned through conditioning.
• How does social learning theory view the nature vs nurture debate?

  It emphasizes nurture, as behavior is learned through observation.
• What does cognitive psychology suggest about nature and nurture?

  It incorporates both, with innate abilities shaped by the environment.
• What is the biological perspective on nature vs nurture?

  It emphasizes nature, as behavior is innate and explained by biological processes.