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• What is an allotrope?

  An allotrope is a different structural form of the same element in the same physical state
• In what physical state can carbon exist as different allotropes?

  Solid state
• What type of structure do both diamond and graphite have?

  Both are giant covalent structures
• How are the atoms arranged in diamond?

  Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a regular 3D pattern
• Why is diamond very strong and has a high melting point?

  Because it has strong covalent bonds that require a lot of energy to break
• Why doesn't diamond conduct electricity?

  Because it has no free electrons or ions that can move around
• How does the bonding in graphite differ from that in diamond?

  In graphite, each carbon is bonded to only three other carbon atoms
• What is the arrangement of atoms in graphite?

  The atoms are arranged into hexagons that form large flat sheets
• Why is graphite relatively soft compared to diamond?

  Because the layers in graphite are held together weakly and can slide over one another
• What allows graphite to conduct electricity and heat?

  The presence of delocalized electrons that are free to move around
• What is a single layer of graphite called?

  Graphene
• What can scientists do with isolated layers of graphene?

  They can use them to make other structures such as spheres and tubes
• What are the key differences between diamond and graphite?

  • Diamond:
  • Each carbon bonded to four others
  • Strong 3D structure
  • Does not conduct electricity
  • Very high melting point
  • Graphite:
  • Each carbon bonded to three others
  • Arranged in hexagons forming layers
  • Conducts electricity due to delocalized electrons
  • High melting point but softer than diamond
• What are the other allotropes of carbon mentioned for the next video?

  • Graphene
  • Fullerenes
• What are the properties of giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite?

  • Strong covalent bonds
  • High melting points
  • Variable electrical conductivity
  • Regular lattice arrangement
• What are the allotropes of carbon discussed in the video?

  Graphene and fullerenes
• What are allotropes?

  Different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state
• What is the structure of graphene made up of?

  Multiple repeating hexagons
• How are the carbon atoms in graphene bonded?

  Each carbon is bonded to three other carbons
• Why is graphene strong?

  Because of its structure of multiple repeating hexagons
• What property of graphene allows it to conduct electricity?

  The delocalized pool of electrons
• How can graphene be obtained?

  From the ground in the form of graphite
• What are fullerenes?

  Tiny tubes and spheres made from carbon
• How can fullerenes be used in medicine?

  To deliver drugs by forming cages around them
• Why are fullerenes useful as industrial catalysts?

  They have a large surface area to volume ratio
• What are carbon nanotubes known for?

  Their ability to conduct electricity
• How do carbon nanotubes strengthen materials?

  By having a high length to diameter ratio
• What is the first fullerene made?

  Buckminsterfullerene
• What is the formula for buckminsterfullerene?

  C$_{60}$
• What is nanotechnology?

  Technology that uses tiny structures like fullerenes
• In which industries is nanotechnology being used?

  Medicine, batteries, food, and fashion
• What are the main uses of graphene and fullerenes?

  • Conducting electricity in electronics
  • Delivering drugs in medicine
  • Making industrial catalysts
  • Strengthening materials like tennis rackets
  • Applications in nanotechnology
• What are the key characteristics of graphene and fullerenes that make them useful?

  • Graphene: strong, conductive, natural
  • Fullerenes: hollow shapes, large surface area to volume ratio, versatile applications