translation

• What is the first step of translation?

  Initiation - ribosome attaches to the start codon on mRNA.
• What occurs during the initiation step of translation?

  The ribosome attaches to the start codon on mRNA.
• What does the tRNA molecule do in the second step of translation?

  It binds to the first attachment site on the ribosome.
• How does the tRNA molecule recognize the mRNA codon?

  It has an anticodon that is complementary to the mRNA codon.
• What happens during the elongation step of translation?

  A ribosomal enzyme catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids.
• What is the role of the ribosomal enzyme during elongation?

  It catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids.
• What occurs after the first tRNA molecule is released?

  The ribosome moves along one codon of the mRNA.
• What happens during the termination step of translation?

  The process repeats until a stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide is released.
• What is produced at the end of the translation process?

  A polypeptide is produced.
• What further modification is needed after translation to produce a functional protein?

  Further modification is needed to produce a protein with secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure.
• Where does the modification of the polypeptide take place?

  In the Golgi Body.
• What are the main steps involved in the translation process?

  1. Initiation: Ribosome attaches to start codon on mRNA.
  2. tRNA binds to the first attachment site.
  3. Elongation: Second tRNA joins, peptide bond forms.
  4. First tRNA is released, ribosome moves along mRNA.
  5. Termination: Process repeats until stop codon is reached, polypeptide is released.
• What are the differences between the structures of proteins produced after translation?

  • Primary structure: Sequence of amino acids.
  • Secondary structure: Alpha helices and beta sheets.
  • Tertiary structure: 3D folding of the polypeptide.
  • Quaternary structure: Assembly of multiple polypeptide chains.