C4 Chemical Changes

• What is the first objective of the lesson on the reactivity of metals?

  List the metals in order of their reactivity
• What does the term displacement refer to in the context of metals?

  It refers to a more reactive metal displacing a less reactive metal from a compound
• How can you construct a word equation for the displacement of metals from compounds?

  By identifying the more reactive metal and the compound it displaces
• What happens to the electrons when a substance is oxidized?

  Electrons are lost from the substance
• What is the order of metals in the reactivity series starting from the most reactive?

  Potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, lead, copper, silver, gold
• How can metals be arranged in the reactivity series?

  Based on their reactions with water and dilute acids
• What is the outcome of the reaction between iron and copper sulfate?

  Iron displaces copper to form iron sulfate and copper
• What is the word equation for the reaction of magnesium with oxygen?

  Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
• What is oxidation in terms of oxygen?

  Oxidation is a reaction where oxygen is gained
• What is reduction in terms of oxygen?

  Reduction is a reaction where oxygen is lost
• What does OIL RIG stand for?

  Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain
• How does the reactivity of metals affect their extraction from ores?

  More reactive metals require electrolysis for extraction, while less reactive metals can be extracted using carbon
• Why are unreactive metals like gold found in the Earth as the metal itself?

  Because they do not readily react with other substances
• What happens when metal oxides are heated with carbon?

  Carbon removes oxygen from the metal oxide to form carbon dioxide and the metal
• What is the word equation for the reduction of iron (III) oxide using carbon?

  Iron (III) oxide + Carbon → Iron + Carbon dioxide
• Why is electrolysis used to extract more reactive metals?

  Because they cannot be extracted by reduction with carbon
• What is the significance of the reactivity series in metal extraction?

  It helps determine the method of extraction based on the metal's reactivity
• What is an ionic equation?

  An equation that shows only the particles that react
• How do you write an ionic equation for sodium chloride dissolving in water?

  NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
• What are the key concepts of oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons?

  • Oxidation: Loss of electrons
  • Reduction: Gain of electrons
  • OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain
• What factors influence the method of metal extraction?

  • Reactivity of the metal
  • Ease of extraction from its ore
  • Metal content in the ore
  • Demand for the metal
  • Availability of extraction methods
• What is the process of displacement reactions in metals?

  • A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound
  • Example: Iron displacing copper from copper sulfate
• What happens when group 1 and 2 metals are burned in oxygen?

  • They form a white solid metal oxide
  • The metal oxide is soluble in water
• What is the pH of magnesium hydroxide when dissolved in water?

  It has a pH of 10-11, indicating it is alkaline.
• What is the role of carbon in the reduction of metals?

  • Carbon removes oxygen from metal oxides
  • Forms carbon dioxide and the pure metal
• How do you determine which species are oxidized and reduced in a reaction?

  • Identify the species that lose electrons (oxidized)
  • Identify the species that gain electrons (reduced)
• What is the definition of reduction in terms of electrons?

  Reduction is the gain of electrons.
• What is the definition of oxidation in terms of electrons?

  Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
• What happens in a displacement reaction?

  A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal in a compound.
• Write the equation for the displacement reaction of zinc and iron(II) chloride.

  Zn + FeCl₂ → ZnCl₂ + Fe
• Write the equation for the displacement reaction of magnesium and nickel(II) sulfate.

  Mg + NiSO₄ → MgSO₄ + Ni
• What do ionic equations show?

  Ionic equations show only the particles that react, excluding spectator ions.
• Write the ionic equation for sodium chloride dissolving in water.

  NaCl(s) + aq → Na⁺(aq) + Cl^-(aq)
• What is the charge of sodium ion?

  Na⁺
• What is the charge of magnesium ion?

  Mg²⁺
• What is the charge of chloride ion?

  Cl^-
• What is the charge of sulfate ion?

  SO₄^2-
• How do you determine the charge of a metal ion?

  The charge is the same as its group number.
• How do you determine the charge of a non-metal ion?

  The charge is the group number minus 8.
• Write the ionic equation for barium chloride dissolving in water.

  BaCl₂(s) + aq → Ba²⁺(aq) + 2Cl^-(aq)