Pathogens & Disease

• How might plants show they are infected with a pathogen?

  Plants may show symptoms like wilting, discoloration, or stunted growth.
• What are the components of the table for diseases and pathogens?

  • Name of disease
  • Type of pathogen
  • Transmission/how it is spread
  • Symptoms
  • Treatment
• What type of pathogen causes Salmonella?

  Bacteria
• How is Salmonella transmitted?

  It is spread through food and liquid.
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

  Cloudy discharge from the penis or vagina.
• How can Gonorrhoea be prevented?

  By using condoms.
• What type of pathogen causes Malaria?

  Protist
• How is Malaria transmitted?

  Through mosquitos.
• What are the symptoms of Malaria?

  Drowsiness, fever, and sweating.
• What is the treatment for Malaria?

  Anti-malarial medication.
• What type of pathogen causes HIV?

  Virus
• How is HIV transmitted?

  Through bodily fluids like blood and sexual contact.
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  Initially, it presents as a really bad flu, followed by weakening of the immune system, weight loss, and low-grade infections.
• What is the treatment for HIV?

  Anti-virals can help treat symptoms, but there is no cure.
• What type of pathogen causes Measles?

  Virus
• How is Measles transmitted?

  Through physical contact and coughing/sneezing from an infected person.
• What are the symptoms of Measles?

  Fever, headache, and a rash on the skin.
• What is the treatment for Measles?

  There is no treatment, but it can be prevented with vaccination.
• What is a pathogen?

  A microorganism that causes a disease.
• What are the four types of pathogens?

  Bacteria, viruses, protists, and worms.
• What do bacteria release that can be harmful?

  Toxins
• What is the role of scabs in the human defense response?

  They help stop blood loss and prevent bacteria from entering the wound.
• How are scabs formed?

  From blood clotting when platelets stick together and react with proteins.
• What is the function of tears in the human defense response?

  Tears wash out microorganisms and have a high salt content that dries them up.
• What is the role of stomach acid in the human defense response?

  It destroys microorganisms that enter the stomach.
• What is the pH of stomach acid?

  2
• What is the role of hair in the nose?

  It traps larger particles and microorganisms in a sticky layer of mucus.
• How does skin act as a barrier against pathogens?

  It blocks microorganisms and sheds dead cells to remove them.
• What is the function of cilia in the trachea?

  Cilia sweep mucus containing trapped microorganisms into the stomach.
• What are the three main jobs of white blood cells?

  Phagocytosis, produce antitoxins, and produce antibodies.
• What is phagocytosis?

  It is the process where white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens.
• What do white blood cells produce to counteract bacterial toxins?

  Antitoxins
• What do antibodies do?

  They stick to the antigens on pathogens to help cluster them together for destruction.
• How do memory cells contribute to immunity?

  They allow for rapid production of antibodies upon re-infection.
• What happens during the primary immune response?

  WBCs slowly produce antibodies after the pathogen enters the body.
• How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary immune response?

  It occurs more quickly and produces a higher concentration of antibodies.
• What is the role of vaccines in immunity?

  They stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells for faster responses to future infections.
• What is an antigen?

  A protein on the cell that identifies it.
• What do neutrophils do?

  They perform phagocytosis.
• What do lymphocytes do?

  They produce antibodies and can become memory cells.