Types of radiation

• What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• What charge does a proton have?

  Positive charge
• What is the relative mass of a neutron?

  1 relative to a proton
• What is the charge of an electron?

  Negative charge
• Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

  In the nucleus
• How does the size of the nucleus compare to the atom as a whole?

  The nucleus is much smaller than the atom
• What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom?

  In energy levels around the nucleus
• What are the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

  • Proton:
  • Relative mass: 1
  • Relative charge: +1
  • Neutron:
  • Relative mass: 1
  • Relative charge: 0
  • Electron:
  • Relative mass: Almost zero
  • Relative charge: -1
• Why are atoms electrically neutral?

  Electrons equal the number of protons
• What happens when an atom loses electrons?

  It becomes a positively charged ion
• What occurs when an atom gains electrons?

  It becomes a negatively charged ion
• What is the significance of ions in atomic structure?

  • Ions are charged particles formed when:
  • Atoms lose electrons: positively charged ions
  • Atoms gain electrons: negatively charged ions
• What are the three subatomic particles mentioned?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• What types of radiation are released during radioactive decay?

  Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
• What is the proton number (Z) of an atom?

  Number of protons in the atom
• How does the proton number relate to elements?

  All atoms of an element have the same proton number
• How many protons do all oxygen atoms have?

  8 protons
• How many protons do all sodium atoms have?

  11 protons
• What is the nucleon number (mass number) of an atom?

  Total number of protons and neutrons
• Can the nucleon number be smaller than the proton number?

  No, it is never smaller
• How can you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

  Subtract proton number from nucleon number
• What does the full chemical symbol for an element show?

  Nucleon number (A) and proton number (Z)
• What does the full symbol for a chlorine atom indicate?

  17 protons and 35 nucleons
• How many electrons does a chlorine atom have?

  17 electrons
• How do you find the number of neutrons in a chlorine atom?

  35 - 17 = 18 neutrons
• What are the key concepts of atomic structure?

  • Proton number (Z): Number of protons
  • Nucleon number (A): Total of protons and neutrons
  • Full chemical symbols: Show Z and A
  • Neutron calculation: A - Z
• What are the properties of radiation types?

  • Alpha: Heavy, positively charged
  • Beta: Light, negatively charged
  • Gamma: No mass, high energy
• What are the three subatomic particles mentioned?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• What types of radiation do radioactive particles release?

  Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
• What are the two sources of background radiation?

  Natural and artificial sources
• What defines isotopes of an element?

  • Same number of protons and electrons
  • Different numbers of neutrons
  • Same proton number, different nucleon numbers
• What is the nucleon number also known as?

  Mass number
• What does the nucleon number represent?

  Number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
• What are the three isotopes of hydrogen?

  • Protium (1 proton, 0 neutrons)
  • Deuterium (1 proton, 1 neutron)
  • Tritium (1 proton, 2 neutrons)
• What is the significance of radioactive emissions?

  They indicate the decay of radioactive particles
• How do isotopes differ from one another?

  By the number of neutrons they contain
• What is the atomic structure primarily concerned with?

  Subatomic particles and their properties
• What is the role of background radiation?

  It is the radiation present in the environment
• What is the relationship between isotopes and nucleon numbers?

  Isotopes have different nucleon numbers
• What are the three subatomic particles mentioned?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons