The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

    Cards (47)

    • What causes cancer cells to lose the ability to regulate their division?
      Mutations
    • What are the consequences of uncontrolled cell division in cancer cells?
      They invade other tissues, disrupt organ function, and can kill the host
    • Why is normal cell division necessary for all forms of life?
      It is essential for growth, development, and tissue repair
    • What are the two main types of reproduction in organisms?
      • Asexual reproduction: Offspring are genetic copies of the parent (clones).
      • Sexual reproduction: Produces offspring with unique combinations of genes.
    • What is the term for the process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce?
      Binary fission
    • How do prokaryotic cells replicate their chromosomes during binary fission?
      The copies of the chromosome move apart as the cell elongates
    • What is the significance of sister chromatids in cell division?
      Sister chromatids ensure that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes
    • When are individual chromosomes visible under a light microscope?
      When the cell is in the process of dividing
    • What happens to chromosomes before a eukaryotic cell starts dividing?
      The chromosomes duplicate, producing sister chromatids
    • What is the cell cycle?
      An ordered sequence of events from the formation of a cell until its division into two cells
    • What is the role of the mitotic spindle during mitosis?
      It moves the chromosomes to the middle of the cell
    • How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
      Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate
    • What triggers normal cells to divide in laboratory cultures?
      Attachment to a surface and stimulation by growth factors
    • What is the effect of growth factors on cell division?
      They stimulate cells to divide
    • What is the role of proteins in the cell cycle control system?
      They control the progression of the cell cycle and determine if a cell will divide
    • What are tumors formed by cancer cells called?
      Masses
    • How do malignant tumors affect surrounding tissues?
      They can invade other tissues
    • Why is it important to consider various factors in cancer treatment outcomes?
      Mortality rates vary by age of diagnosis, race, and other factors
    • Why must human cancer research often use observational methods?
      Controlled studies may not yield definitive results due to ethical concerns
    • The nucleus is the largest organelle, containing chromosomes that carry genetic information.
    • During mitosis, the cell goes through stages such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
    • Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
    • In interphase, the cell grows and prepares for division.
    • DNA replication occurs during interphase to prepare for cell division.
    • Chromatin is made up of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
    • Mitosis is crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.
    • Cancer is characterized by uncontrollable growth and spread of abnormal cells.
    • Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
    • Meiosis is another type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell.
    • Prophase involves condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes and separation of centrioles at opposite poles.
    • Metaphase occurs when chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell.
    • Cell division involves mitosis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).
    • There are several types of cancer, including carcinoma (epithelial), sarcoma (connective tissue), leukemia (blood-forming tissue), lymphoma (lymphatic system), myeloma (bone marrow plasma cells), and germ cell tumor (germ cells).
    • Prophase involves condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes, formation of spindle fibers, and separation of centrioles at opposite poles.
    • DNA replication occurs during interphase, with one copy remaining in the original location while the other moves to the opposite end of the nucleus.
    • Metaphase occurs when spindle fibers attach to kinetochores on sister chromatids and align them along the equatorial plane.
    • Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.
    • Metaphase involves alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plane of the cell.
    • Meiosis is another type of cell division that produces four genetically diverse daughter cells from one parent cell.
    • Sex chromosomes determine whether an individual will be male or female.
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