all the years content

• What are the main organelles found in cells?

  Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  It controls what enters and exits the cell and acts as a selectively permeable barrier.
• What does the nucleus contain?

  The nucleus contains DNA and controls cell activities.
• What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

  Mitochondria are responsible for energy production (ATP) through cellular respiration.
• What is the difference between Rough ER and Smooth ER?

  Rough ER has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
• What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

  The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Lysosomes break down waste materials and cellular debris.
• What do vacuoles do in a cell?

  Vacuoles are responsible for the storage of substances.
• What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

  The cytoskeleton provides structural support for the cell and facilitates movement.
• What is the function of centrioles?

  Centrioles are involved in cell division (mitosis).
• What are prokaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that do not have a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
• What are eukaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells are complex cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., human cells).
• What is diffusion?

  Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
• What is osmosis?

  Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
• What is active transport?

  Active transport is the movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
• What are endocytosis and exocytosis?

  Endocytosis is the process of moving large molecules into the cell, while exocytosis is the process of moving large molecules out of the cell.
• What are the specialized functions of different cell types in the human body?

  • Muscle cells: Specialized for contraction.
  • Nerve cells (neurons): Specialized for transmitting electrical impulses.
  • Epithelial cells: Specialized for covering surfaces and protecting tissues.
• What are the functions and structures of epithelial tissue?

  Functions:

  • Covers surfaces (like skin)
  • Lines cavities (such as the digestive tract)
  • Forms glands

  
  

  Structure:

  • Cells are tightly packed and form continuous sheets.
  • Types: Simple epithelium (single layer) and Stratified epithelium (multiple layers).
• What is the function and structure of connective tissue?

  Function:

  • Supports, binds, and connects other tissues and organs.

  
  

  Structure:

  • Cells are spread out in a matrix (liquid, gel, or solid).
  • Examples: Loose connective tissue, Dense connective tissue, Cartilage, Bone, Blood.
• What are the types of muscle tissue and their functions?

  Types:

  • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones for body movement.
  • Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, found in walls of organs.
  • Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, striated, found only in the heart.
• What is the function and structure of nervous tissue?

  Function:

  • Conducts electrical impulses for communication between body parts.

  
  

  Structure:

  • Composed of neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells (glial cells).
  • Neurons consist of dendrites, cell body, and axon.
• What is passive transport?

  Passive transport is the movement of substances without the use of energy.
• What is facilitated diffusion?

  Facilitated diffusion uses channel or carrier proteins to move substances across the membrane.
• What is the role of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

  Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
• What are the functions of proteins in the cell membrane?

  Proteins allow specific molecules to pass through, bind to molecules for transport, and receive chemical signals.
• What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

  Cholesterol helps maintain the membrane's fluidity, ensuring it is not too rigid or too fluid.
• What is the fluid mosaic model?

  The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as fluid-like, with phospholipids and proteins moving laterally within the bilayer.
• How does the cell membrane contribute to homeostasis?

  The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining a stable internal environment.
• What is metabolism?

  Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism to maintain life.
• What is anabolism?

  Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
• What is catabolism?

  Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.
• What is the role of enzymes in metabolism?

  Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions without being consumed.
• What is the active site of an enzyme?

  The active site is the part of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
• What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

  The enzyme-substrate complex is the temporary association between the enzyme and the substrate.
• What is the lock and key model of enzyme action?

  The lock and key model states that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme’s active site.
• What is the induced fit model of enzyme action?

  The induced fit model states that the enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate.
• What are the key metabolic pathways?

  • Cellular Respiration (Catabolic Pathway): Breaks down glucose to produce energy (ATP).
  • Photosynthesis (Anabolic Pathway): Converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
• What are the stages of cellular respiration?

  Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.
• What happens during glycolysis?

  Glycolysis splits glucose (6 carbons) into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons each), yielding 2 ATP and 2 NADH.