Inorganic ions

• What is an atom's electrical charge?

  An atom has no electrical charge
• What are cations?

  Positively charged ions formed by electron loss
• What are anions?

  Negatively charged ions formed by electron gain
• What is an ion?

  A particle with an electric charge
• How are ions formed?

  When an atom transfers its electrons
• What distinguishes organic ions from inorganic ions?

  Organic ions contain carbon
• What are the key inorganic ions in the body?

  • Iron
  • Hydrogen
  • Sodium
  • Phosphate
• What is the primary function of iron ions?

  To carry oxygen
• Where are iron ions primarily found?

  In red blood cells in haemoglobin
• What is the charge of iron ions that bind to oxygen?

  Fe$^{2+}$
• What role do hydrogen ions play in pH regulation?

  Higher concentration lowers pH
• What is the role of H+ ions in gastric juices?

  To maintain low pH for digestion
• How do H+ ions contribute to ATP synthesis?

  They create a proton gradient in mitochondria
• What is the function of sodium ions?

  Co-transport and nervous system function
• How do sodium ions assist in glucose absorption?

  By facilitating co-transport across membranes
• What is the role of phosphate ions in biological molecules?

  They are found in DNA, RNA, and ATP
• What is stored in ATP's phosphoanhydride bonds?

  Chemical energy from respiration
• What is phosphorylation?

  Adding phosphate groups to molecules
• What is the structure of a cell membrane?

  • Composed of phospholipids
  • Forms a phospholipid bilayer
  • Contains proteins and carbohydrates