Unit 3 🥽Plastics and fertilizer 🥽

• What is the process of making plastics called?

  Polymerisation
• What are the small molecules called that join together to form plastics?

  Monomers
• What are the large molecules formed from monomers called?

  Polymers
• What is the reaction called when polymers join together?

  Polymerisation reaction
• What type of molecules are often used as monomers in addition polymerisation?

  Small unsaturated molecules
• What happens to the carbon to carbon double bonds during addition polymerisation?

  They open up to form long chains of carbon to carbon single covalent bonds
• What are addition polymers named after?

  The monomer from which they are made
• What are some examples of monomers and their corresponding addition polymers?

  • Ethene → poly(ethene)
  • Propene → poly(propene)
  • Chloroethene → poly(chloroethene)
  • Tetrafluoroethene → poly(tetrafluoroethene)
  • Phenylethene → poly(phenylethene)
• How is the structure of monomers often represented for drawing?

  In the form of a rugby goalpost
• How is poly(ethene) formed from ethene monomers?

  By breaking the carbon to carbon double bonds and joining the monomers
• What is the repeating unit in poly(ethene)?

  • C-C-
• What is poly(styrene) formed from?

  Styrene (or phenylethene) monomers
• What is the repeating unit in poly(styrene)?

  • C-C-
• What is poly(propene) commonly used for?

  Food containers and ropes
• What essential elements do plants require for healthy growth?

  Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)
• How do plants take in essential elements?

  Through their roots from the soil
• What happens to essential elements when crops are harvested?

  They are removed from the soil
• How can nutrients removed by crops be replenished in the soil?

  By adding fertilisers
• What are ammonia and nitric acid used to produce?

  Soluble nitrogen-containing salts for fertilisers
• What is ammonia's physical state and appearance?

  A pungent, clear, colourless gas
• How is ammonia produced in the laboratory?

  By heating an ammonium salt and an alkali
• What happens when ammonia dissolves in water?

  It produces an alkaline solution
• What is the word equation for the reaction producing ammonia in the lab?

  Ammonium nitrate + calcium hydroxide → ammonia + calcium nitrate
• What is the Haber Process used for?

  To manufacture ammonia commercially
• What are the reactants in the Haber Process for ammonia production?

  Nitrogen and hydrogen
• What conditions are used in the Haber Process?

  500°C and 200 atm
• What does the double arrow in the reaction equation indicate?

  That the reaction is reversible
• Why is it not possible to convert all hydrogen and nitrogen into ammonia?

  Because the reaction is reversible
• What is the role of the iron catalyst in the Haber Process?

  To increase the reaction rate
• What is nitric acid used for?

  To make nitrate fertilisers
• How is nitric acid produced in nature?

  From nitrogen dioxide produced in lightning storms and car engines
• What is the Ostwald Process used for?

  To make nitric acid using ammonia and oxygen
• What happens in the first stage of the Ostwald Process?

  Ammonia reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide
• What is produced in the second stage of the Ostwald Process?

  Nitrogen dioxide
• What is the final product of the Ostwald Process?

  Nitric acid
• What are the two main types of polymers?

  • Natural Polymers: Cotton, Rubber, Protein
  • Synthetic Polymers: Plastics
• What is a polymer?

  A very large molecule formed by joining thousands of small repeating units called monomers
• What is the process called that forms polymers from monomers?

  Polymerisation