kb / etc

• What is metabolism?

  Sum total of all the biochemical reactions that take place in a living organism
• What is catabolism?

  It is the process where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
• What is anabolism?

  It is the process where small molecules are joined together to form larger ones
• What is a metabolic pathway?

  A series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product
• What are adenosine phosphates?

  Adenosine nucleoside with phosphate group(s) attached
• What are the types of bonds found in adenosine phosphates?

  Phosphoester and phosphoanhydride bonds
• Why are phosphoanhydride bonds significant?

  They are very reactive "strained" bonds that require less energy to break
• What happens during the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP?

  It releases energy and inorganic phosphate (Pi)
• What is Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?

  A coenzyme involved in redox reactions derived from vitamin B2
• What is the oxidized form of FAD?

  FAD
• What is the reduced form of FAD?

  FADH2
• What is the role of NAD in biochemical reactions?

  It serves as an oxidizing agent in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to produce ketones
• What is the oxidized form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)?

  NAD+
• What is the reduced form of NAD?

  NADH
• What is Coenzyme A (CoA-SH) primarily used for?

  It serves as an acetyl group carrier
• What is the active portion of Coenzyme A?

  The –SH group
• What bond forms between the acetyl group and CoA-SH?

  A thioester bond
• What is the first stage of biochemical energy production?

  Digestion
• What occurs in the mouth during digestion?

  Salivary amylase digests polysaccharides
• What is the primary function of the small intestine in digestion?

  It contains the majority of digestive enzymes and bile salts
• What happens after absorption in digestion?

  Blood distributes substances to the cells throughout the body
• Where does acetyl group formation occur?

  In the cytosol or mitochondria
• What are the primary products of acetyl group formation?

  Acetyl units attached to coenzyme A and reduced coenzyme NADH
• Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

  In the mitochondria
• What happens to acetyl groups in the Citric Acid Cycle?

  They are oxidized to produce energy and CO2
• What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

  They supply the hydrogen ions and electrons needed for ATP production
• What is another name for the Citric Acid Cycle?

  Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
• What is the yield of the first reaction in the Citric Acid Cycle?

  Citrate (C6) + CoA-SH + H+
• What type of reaction occurs during the formation of isocitrate?

  Isomerization
• What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the oxidation of isocitrate?

  Isocitrate dehydrogenase
• What is produced during the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate?

  ⍺-ketoglutarate (C5) + CO2 + NADH
• What happens during the oxidation of ⍺-ketoglutarate?

  It produces Succinyl CoA (C4) + CO2 + NADH
• What type of reaction occurs during the cleavage of the thioester bond in Succinyl CoA?

  Substrate level phosphorylation
• What is produced during the oxidation of succinate?

  Fumarate + FADH2
• What is the yield of the hydration of fumarate?

  Malate
• What is produced when L-malate is oxidized?

  Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
• What is the fuel of the Citric Acid Cycle?

  Acetyl CoA derived from catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• How many reactions in the Citric Acid Cycle involve oxidation and reduction?

  4 out of 8 reactions
• What vitamins are essential for the proper functioning of the Citric Acid Cycle?

  B vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
• What is the total ATP yield from one Acetyl CoA molecule?

  10 ATP