yr1 Biopsy

• What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?

  The brain and spinal cord
• What is the function of the CNS?

  To process information and direct bodily organs and muscles
• What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

  A body-wide network of messenger neurons
• What are the two types of neurons in the PNS?

  Sensory and motor neurons
• What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) control?

  Actions of internal glands
• What is the difference between the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the ANS?

  SNS controls voluntary actions, while ANS controls involuntary actions
• What does the sympathetic system do?

  Increases bodily activities
• What is the role of the parasympathetic system?

  Decreases bodily activities and promotes rest
• What is homeostasis?

  The regulation of the internal environment
• What is the endocrine system?

  A collection of glands that regulate bodily functions
• What hormone does the pituitary gland release?

  Hormone A, which controls the release of hormones from other glands
• What is the function of the hypothalamus?

  Links the nervous system to the endocrine system
• What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

  Melatonin
• What is the role of the thyroid gland?

  Modulates metabolism
• What hormone does the pancreas produce?

  Insulin
• What is the function of the adrenal glands?

  Regulates the fight or flight response
• What hormone do the ovaries produce?

  Estrogen
• What is the role of testosterone?

  Leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males
• What is the structure and function of sensory, relay, and motor neurons?

  • Sensory neurons: Detect sensations and send signals to the CNS
  • Relay neurons: Transmit signals within the CNS
  • Motor neurons: Carry signals from the CNS to effectors
• What is the process of synaptic transmission?

  Neurons communicate by passing chemical signals across the synapse
• What are neurotransmitters?

  Chemical messages released by neurons
• What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?

  Excitatory neurotransmitters stimulate action potentials, while inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease their likelihood
• What is depolarization?

  The process where the electrical charge inside a neuron becomes more positive
• What is hyperpolarization?

  The process where the electrical charge inside a neuron becomes more negative
• What is summation in the context of neurons?

  The combined effect of all influences on a neuron
• Why is information passed unidirectionally in synaptic transmission?

  Due to the structure of the synapse
• What is the fight or flight response?

  An evolutionary survival mechanism in response to a threat
• What is the role of the hypothalamus in the fight or flight response?

  It detects stressors and activates the HPA axis
• What hormone is released by the adrenal cortex during the fight or flight response?

  Cortisol
• What are the psychological effects of adrenaline?

  Increased anxiety, attention, and alertness
• What are the physical effects of adrenaline?

  Increased blood flow to the brain and skeletal muscles
• What is chronic stress?

  Long-term stress resulting from frequent triggering of the fight or flight response
• What is localization of function in the brain?

  Functions are performed in distinct regions of the brain
• What is contralateral control in the brain?

  Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body
• What is hemispheric lateralization?

  Each hemisphere is specialized to perform different functions
• Where are language centers located in the brain?

  In the left hemisphere
• What happens if the motor cortex is damaged?

  Loss of muscle function or paralysis on the opposite side of the body
• What is the function of Broca's area?

  Responsible for speech production
• What is the effect of damage to Wernicke's area?

  Results in difficulty understanding speech
• What is the function of the auditory cortex?

  Receives and processes sound information