Psychology

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  They should watch the longer videos
• What resource can viewers download for free while watching the comparison video?

  A blank comparison grid
• What is the significance of Wilhelm Wundt in psychology?

  He is considered the father of experimental psychology
• Where did Wundt set up the world's first psychological laboratory?

  Leipzig, Germany
• What was the focus of Wundt's research in psychology?

  To use controlled empirical scientific research techniques to study the mind
• What experimental technique did Wundt use in his structuralism research?

  Introspection
• What were participants trained to do in Wundt's introspection method?

  To report conscious experiences objectively
• How did Wundt's work influence subsequent scientific psychologists?

  His systematic approach inspired future research methods
• What is a criticism of Wundt's introspective methods compared to modern techniques?

  They are considered subjective and not truly scientific
• What did behaviorists reject in their study of psychology?

  The study of internal mental states
• What is the behaviorist view of the mind?

  It is seen as a black box that cannot be studied scientifically
• Who were the leading theorists in behaviorism mentioned in the study material?

  Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner
• What is classical conditioning according to Pavlov's research?

  Learning by association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
• In Pavlov's experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

  Food
• What did Pavlov's findings demonstrate about the dogs in his experiment?

  The dogs learned an association between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
• What is operant conditioning according to Skinner's research?

  Learning by reinforcement or punishment
• What did Skinner demonstrate with his Skinner box experiment?

  Positive and negative reinforcement influence behavior
• What is a criticism of Pavlov and Skinner's use of animal subjects in their research?

  Their findings may not be generalizable to human behavior
• What are some practical applications of behaviorist principles?

  Counterconditioning treatments like flooding and systematic desensitization
• What is social learning theory's view on behavior?

  It includes the role of cognitive processes in learning from experience
• What are the mediational processes in social learning theory?

  Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
• Who conducted the Bobo doll study?

  Albert Bandura
• What was the outcome of Bandura's Bobo doll study?

  Children exposed to an aggressive model were more likely to be aggressive themselves
• What is a criticism of the Bobo doll study's ecological validity?

  It may not translate to real-world scenarios
• How does social learning theory differ from behaviorism?

  It acknowledges the role of cognitive processes in learning
• What do cognitive psychologists study?

  Internal mental processes
• What is a schema in cognitive psychology?

  A mental framework of knowledge about a concept or object
• What is a criticism of the cognitive approach regarding inferences?

  Assumptions about internal mental processes can be mistaken
• What is the computer model in cognitive psychology?

  An analogy comparing the brain's processes to a computer's CPU
• What does cognitive neuroscience aim to examine?

  The neurological structures and processes linked to mental processes
• Why is the cognitive approach considered scientific?

  It uses highly controlled experiments
• What is the role of neurotransmitters in behavior?

  They enable communication between neurons
• What is the significance of the adrenal gland in behavior?

  It releases adrenaline during the fight or flight response
• What are genotypes and phenotypes in genetics?

  Genotypes are genetic codes, while phenotypes are their expressions
• How do evolutionary psychologists explain behavior?

  By arguing that inherited behaviors provide survival advantages
• What is a criticism of biological explanations of behavior?

  They do not account for environmental factors
• What is Freud's tripartite structure of personality?

  The ID, ego, and superego
• What are defense mechanisms in Freud's theory?

  Strategies used by the ego to manage conflicts
• What happens during the oral stage of Freud's psychosexual stages?

  Children derive pleasure from oral activities like breastfeeding
• What is a criticism of Freud's theories regarding scientific credibility?

  Many ideas lack empirical support and are untestable