Period 4 - 1800-1848

• Who were the two main figures in the political conflict during George Washington's presidency?


  Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson
• What did the Democratic-Republicans support in terms of agriculture?


  They supported agrarianism and the idea of self-sustaining farmers.
• Who were the first two presidents of the United States?


  George Washington and John Adams
• What significant event occurred in the election of 1800?


  Thomas Jefferson won the election, leading to a peaceful transfer of power to the Democratic-Republicans.
• How did the Democratic-Republicans aim to limit government power?


  By abolishing the whiskey tax, minimizing the military, and reducing federal jobs.
• What was the purpose of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803?


  To secure trading rights on the Mississippi River.
• How much did the United States pay for the entire Mississippi territory during the Louisiana Purchase?


  $15 million
• What was contradictory about Jefferson's actions during the Louisiana Purchase?


  It contradicted his beliefs about limited government power and strict constructionism.
• What was the Corps of Discovery tasked with after the Louisiana Purchase?


  To explore the northern Louisiana Territory.
• Who were the leaders of the exploration of the Louisiana Territory?


  Lewis and Clark explored the northern part, while Zebulon Pike explored the southern part.
• What were the outcomes of the explorations conducted by Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike?


  More accurate mapping, greater scientific knowledge, and improved diplomatic relationships with natives.
• Who was the 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court?


  John Marshall
• What was the significance of the case Marbury v. Madison (1803)?


  It established the principle of judicial review.
• What did the Judiciary Act of 1801 do?


  It created new openings for federal judges.
• What was the outcome of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?


  It declared that the national government could create a national bank that states could not tax.
• What was the relationship between the US and the Barbary States before Jefferson's presidency?


  The US paid them for the protection of merchant ships.
• What led to the conflict with the Barbary Pirates during Jefferson's presidency?


  Jefferson refused to pay higher demands from the Barbary States.
• What was the impact of the Embargo Act of 1807 on the American economy?


  It harmed the American economy more than it helped.
• What did the Non-Intercourse Act of 1808 do?


  It lifted embargoes on trade with all countries except Britain and France.
• What initiated the War of 1812?


  The impressment of American citizens by the British navy.
• Who were the War Hawks in Congress?


  They were eager to go to war with Britain.
• What was the outcome of the War of 1812 for the United States?


  America won the war, leading to increased nationalism.
• What was the effect of the War of 1812 on the Federalist Party?


  It led to the demise of the Federalist Party.
• What were the main actions taken by the Democratic-Republicans to limit government power?


  • Abolished the whiskey tax
  • Minimized the military
  • Reduced the number of federal jobs
• What were the key outcomes of the Louisiana Purchase and subsequent explorations?


  • Doubled the size of the United States
  • Established new trade routes
  • Improved mapping and scientific knowledge
  • Enhanced diplomatic relations with Native Americans
• What were the implications of the Supreme Court cases during John Marshall's tenure?


  • Established judicial review (Marbury v. Madison)
  • Affirmed federal supremacy over state laws (McCulloch v. Maryland)
• What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812?


  Causes:

  • Impressment of American citizens
  • British support for Native American attacks

  
  

  Effects:

  • Increased nationalism
  • Demise of the Federalist Party
• What regional interests were exposed by the War of 1812?


  Competing interests between Federalists and Democratic Republicans
• What was the outcome of the War of 1812 for the Federalist Party?


  It led to the demise of the Federalist Party
• What did the War of 1812 reveal about the US financial system?


  It showed the lack of a reliable source of credit without a National Bank
• How did the War of 1812 highlight the weaknesses in US infrastructure?


  It demonstrated how weak the infrastructure and transportation systems were
• Who proposed the American System?


  Henry Clay
• What are the main components of the American System proposed by Henry Clay?


  • Federal funded internal improvements (helps farmers/merchants)
  • Federal tariffs (helps manufacturers)
  • Second Bank of the United States (stabilizes economy with national currency)
• Why did Presidents Madison and Monroe reject Clay’s ideas about infrastructure?


  Due to competing regional interests
• By what year were Clay’s policies about tariffs and the National Bank in place?


  By 1816
• What factors contributed to Americans settling the frontier in greater numbers?


  Improved roads and cheap land
• What conflict arose from Missouri's application for statehood in 1819?


  It raised conflicts about the balance between slave and free states
• What was the assumption about Missouri's status upon its application for statehood?


  That it would enter as a slave state
• What was the Tallmadge Amendment proposed for Missouri?


  It would ban slavery in Missouri after 25 years
• Why did the Tallmadge Amendment enrage Southern representatives?


  They feared it would lead to the dissolution of slavery in their states