Marilyn Anne Ray

• What theory does Marilyn Anne Ray developed?

  Bureaucratic Caring
• Where does Marilyn Dee Ray was born?

  Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
• Who does Dr. Ray met when noted how important cultures were in the development of people’s views about nursing and the world?

  Dr. Madeleine Leininger
• What does Dr. Ray clinical experiences?

  Obstetrics and gynecology, emergency department, and cardiac and critical care with adults and children.
• In what year did Dr. Ray become the first nurse to go to the Soviet Union?

  1990
• When did Dr. Ray retire from the U.S. Air Force Reserve Nurse Corps?

  1999
• How many years of service did Dr. Ray complete in the U.S. Air Force Reserve Nurse Corps?

  30 years
• What significant award did Dr. Ray receive in 2000?

  Federal Nursing Services Award
• What was the funding amount Dr. Ray received for her research from the TriService Military Nursing Research Program?

  Approximately $1 million
• What organization did Dr. Ray help found in 1978?

  National Caring Research Conference
• What is awarded each year to an international nursing student in honor of Dr. Ray's late husband?

  $1,000 toward expenses
• What does the award for the international nursing student reflect?

  Commitment to caring, nursing practice, nursing education, and transcultural caring
• What is the focus of Dr. Ray's theory of Bureaucratic Caring?

  Understanding spiritual-ethical caring, compassion, and right action
• What does the theory of Bureaucratic Caring emphasize about bureaucratic systems?

  They cannot function optimally without genuine compassion
• When did Ray's theory of Bureaucratic Caring first appear?

  In her doctoral dissertation in 1981
• What does Ray challenge regarding bureaucracy and caring?

  The notion that they are incompatible
• What must nurses navigate while upholding ethical principles according to Ray's theory?

  Complex systems
• What does the theory encourage nurses to recognize?

  The spiritual-ethical dimensions of care
• How does Ray define caring?

  As a complex, transcultural, relational process grounded in ethical and spiritual context
• What does spiritual-ethical caring focus on in nursing?

  Facilitation of choices for the good of others
• What do physical factors relate to in the context of caring?

  The physical state of being, including biological and mental patterns
• What do legal factors in caring include?

  Responsibility, accountability, and guiding principles
• What do technological factors in caring encompass?

  Non-human resources used to maintain patient well-being
• What do economic factors related to caring include?

  Money, budget, and insurance system limitations
• How do political factors influence nursing in healthcare?

  They influence how nursing is viewed and include communication patterns
• What is one of the major strengths of Ray's Theory of Bureaucratic Nursing?

  
  

  highly applicable in the modern nursing profession and never lost the heart of the profession.
• How does Ray's Bureaucratic Theory view the influence of organizational structure on nursing?

  It suggests that caring in nursing is contextual and influenced by the organizational structure
• What factors can affect patient care according to Ray's theory?

  Political, legal, economic, educational, physiological, socio-cultural, and technological factors
• How does Theory of Bureaucratic Caring challenge nurses?

  They challenge to think beyond their usual frame of reference and envision the world holistically while considering the universe as a hologram.
• Appreciation of the interrelated-ness of persons, environments, and events is key to understanding this theory. The theory provides a unique of how health care organizations and nursing phenomena interrelate as wholes and parts in the system.
• What are the major concepts of Bureaucratic Theory?

  • Caring
  • Spiritual-Ethical Caring
  • Educational
  • Physical
  • Legal
  • Technological
  • Economic
  • Political
• What is Caring?


  A complex, transcultural, relational process, grounded in the ethical, spiritual context. It is the relationship between charity and right action, between love as compassion response to suffering and need, and justice or fairness in terms of what ought to be done.
• What is Spiritual-Ethical Caring?


  It involves creativity and choice and is revealed in attachment, love, and community. It join with the spiritual relate to our moral obligations to others. It focuses on how the facilitation of choices for the good of others can or should be accomplished
• What is Educational?


  Use of audiovisual media to convey information, and other forms of teaching and sharing information are examples of educational factors related to the meaning of caring.
• What is Physical?


  It relate to the physical state of being, including biological and mental patterns. Because the mind a body are interrelated, each pattern influences the other
• What is Legal?


  It is related to the meaning of caring include responsibility and accountability; rules and principles to guide behaviors, such as policies and procedures, and the practice of defensive medicine and nursing
• What is Technological?


  It is a factor that include non-human resources, such as the use of machinery to maintain the physiological well-being of the patient
• What is economic?


  factors related to the meaning of caring include money, budget, insurance systems limitations and guidelines imposed by managed care organizations
• What is Political?


  The power structure within healthcare administration influence how nursing is viewed in health care and include patterns of communication and decision making in the organizations
• What are the Nursing Metaparadigms?

  • Nursing
  • Person
  • Health
  • Environment