Ap Euro Chapter 18

• Who ruled most European states in the 18th century?

  Monarchs
• What argument began to replace divine-right assumptions in the 18th century?

  Utilitarian argument
• Who was the Prussian king that explained the new thinking about kings as servants of the state?

  Frederick II
• What are natural rights as related to Enlightenment thought?

  Rights such as equality before law, freedom of worship, and freedom of speech
• What document summarized the Enlightenment concept of natural rights?

  American Declaration of Independence
• According to most philosophes, what was necessary for the people?

  They needed direction from an enlightened ruler
• What must enlightened rulers do according to Enlightenment principles?

  Allow religious toleration, freedom of speech, and foster arts and sciences
• What is meant by "enlightened absolutism"?

  A monarchy that follows enlightened principles and reforms society
• Which monarchs are often associated with enlightened absolutism?

  Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria
• What economic shift occurred in Europe due to overseas voyages in the 16th century?

  The economic axis shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic seaboard
• What was the state of the French monarchy during the 18th century?

  It was not significantly influenced by philosophes and faced internal challenges
• Who was the regent for Louis XV?

  Duke of Orleans
• What was the impact of Cardinal Fleury's death on Louis XV's reign?

  Louis XV ruled alone but was influenced by ministers and mistresses
• Who was Madam de Pompadour?

  A mistress of Louis XV who influenced government decisions
• What were the consequences of the Seven Years' War for France?

  Loss of empire, increased taxes, and public discontent
• Who succeeded Louis XV?

  Louis XVI
• What was Louis XVI's knowledge of government operations?

  He knew little about the operations of the French government
• What was the state of France's financial situation during Louis XVI's reign?

  It worsened, leading to despair and discontent
• What event prevented absolutism in England?

  Glorious Revolution
• How was the British political system characterized in the 18th century?

  By a sharing of power between the king and Parliament
• When did the United Kingdom come into existence?

  1707
• What was the role of Parliament in the British political system?

  To make laws, levy taxes, and influence the king's ministers
• Who dominated the 18th century British Parliament?

  Landed aristocracy
• What were the two groups in the British Parliament according to historians?

  Peers and landed gentry
• What was the significance of pocket boroughs in British politics?

  They were controlled by a single person, affecting representation
• Who were the first Hanoverian kings of Britain?

  George I and George II
• What was Robert Walpole's role in the British government?

  He was the chief/prime minister
• What was the impact of George III on the monarchy?

  He sought to strengthen monarchical authority and wield power personally
• Who was John Wilkes?

  An outspoken journalist and member of the House of Commons
• What was the slogan associated with John Wilkes and his supporters?

  "Wilkes and Liberty"
• What was the relationship between George III and the American colonists?

  Colonists criticized him and rebelled against British rule
• Who was appointed prime minister by George III?

  William Pitt the Younger
• What was the state of the Dutch Republic in the 18th century?

  It suffered a decline in economic prosperity
• Who dominated local and national political affairs in the Dutch Republic?

  Oligarchies governing the towns
• What was the outcome of the struggle between the regents and the house of Orange?

  Foreign interference led to the reestablishment of the old system
• What role did Frederick William I and Frederick II play in Prussia?

  They developed the army and bureaucracy as the backbone of Prussia
• What was the General Directory established by Frederick William I?

  It was the chief administrator of the central government
• What was the relationship between the Junkers and the Prussian army?

  Junkers held a monopoly over the officer corps of the army
• What was the significance of the Prussian army in the state?

  It was the most important institution of the state
• How did Frederick William II differ from his father?

  He was educated and cultured, interested in Enlightenment ideas