Cell structure

• function of nucleus


  contains the DNA and the cells growth
• function of ribosomes


  make proteins
• function of rough endoplasmic reticulum


  produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function
• function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum


  storage and transport of lipids and carbohydrates
• function of golgi aparatus


  processes and stores proteins for transport
• function of lysosomes


  the digestive system of the cell
• function of centrosomes


  microtubule organising centre
• function of plasma membrane


  Controls what enters and leaves the cell
• function of vacuole


  helps maintain pressure in the cell and keeps it ridged
• function of chloroplast


  site of photosynthesis
• function of cell wall


  provides strength and protection
• magnification equation


  image size/actual size
• what type of cells are eukaryotes


  multi-cellular and unicellular
• what type of cells are prokaryotes


  unicellular
• what are the three types of microscopes


  light, scanning electron, transmission electron
• which microscope can produce 3D images


  SEM
• which microscope can view living samples


  light
• what is interphase


  metabolic phase in preparation for mitosis
• why does the solution have to be cold in cell differentiation


  to reduce enzyme activity
• what is an isotonic solution


  having the same osmotic pressure as another cell
• why does the solution have to be buffered in cell differentiation


  so that the pH doesn't fluctuate
• What is the process called when cells undergo a regular cycle of division?

  The cell cycle
• What are the main stages of the cell cycle?

  1. Interphase
  2. Nuclear division
  3. Cell division
• What phase occupies most of the cell cycle?

  Interphase
• What is interphase often referred to as?

  The resting phase
• During interphase, what occurs?

  No actual division takes place
• What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?

  • First growth phase
  • Proteins for cell organelles are synthesized
• What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

  • DNA is replicated
  • Each chromosome appears as two sister chromatids
• What happens during the G2 phase of interphase?

  • Second growth phase
  • Organelles grow and divide
  • Energy stores are increased
• What is the role of the centromere in chromosomes during interphase?

  It holds chromatids together
• What is the function of the centromere during nuclear division?

  It is the point of attachment for spindle fibres
• What do sister chromatids represent?

  Two identical copies of a chromosome
• What is the significance of spindle fibres during nuclear division?

  They attach to the centromere to help separate chromatids
• What is the process called when the nucleus divides into two or four?

  Nuclear division
• What happens during cell division?

  The whole cell divides into two or four
• Where do chromosomes line up during metaphase?

  Along the equator
• How are chromosomes attached during metaphase?

  They are attached to spindle fibres by their centromere
• What are spindle fibres made of?

  Microtubules
• What is the term for the two ends of the spindle apparatus?

  Pole
• What is the cell stage called when chromosomes are lined up at the equator?

  Metaphase