situation & culture

• How does exposure to cultural norms affect a person's behavior?

  The longer a person is exposed to cultural norms, the more likely their behavior will be influenced by those norms.
• What does the developmental aspect of prejudice suggest?

  It suggests that a person's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior may change over time.
• What are the factors affecting prejudice according to the study material?

  • Situation
  • Culture
• What are social norms?

  Social norms are shared expectations about how people should behave in a group or society.
• How do social norms influence prejudice?

  Individuals often adopt prejudiced views to align with group norms.
• What did Cantril (1941) suggest about group identity and socialization?

  Cantril suggested that group identity and socialization are central to the formation of prejudiced views.
• What was the finding of Minard (1952) regarding miners in the U.S. Underground?

  Minard found that racial prejudice was reduced among miners working together due to collaboration-focused norms.
• What happened to racial divisions when miners were above ground?

  Racial divisions reappeared above ground where societal racial norms were prominent.
• What is Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)?

  • Prejudice arises from competition for limited resources.
  • A "zero-sum" situation fuels hostility.
  • Scarcity perception leads to outgroup prejudice.
• What did Esses et al. (2001) study regarding resource stress and competition?

  Esses et al. studied how resource stress and competition can enhance prejudice, especially when one group feels threatened.
• How do cultural norms influence prejudice?

  Cultural norms can influence how prejudice is expressed or accepted in a society.
• What does Baldwin (2017) state about cultures and ethnocentrism?

  Baldwin states that all cultures are ethnocentric to some extent, believing their own culture is superior.
• What are the norms of fairness and intolerance?

  • Norm of Fairness: Emphasizes equality and respect, reducing prejudice.
  • Norm of Intolerance: Encourages exclusion and discrimination, increasing prejudice.
• How do the norms of intolerance and fairness compare in case studies?

  • Norm of Intolerance (Apartheid, South Africa):
  • Hierarchical, racial segregation
  • Institutionalized prejudice
  • Long-term social divisions
  • Norm of Fairness (New Zealand and Fiji):
  • Collectivist, promoting inclusivity
  • Fairness reduces prejudice
  • Social cohesion, despite challenges
• What role does the government play in the norm of intolerance?

  The government enforces discriminatory laws under the norm of intolerance.
• What role does the government play in the norm of fairness?

  The government promotes fairness through policies and education under the norm of fairness.
• What is the PEE format for evaluations?

  • P (Point): State the main point.
  • E (Evidence): Provide supporting evidence.
  • E (Explanation): Explain the significance of the evidence.
• What is an example of how cultural factors affect prejudice?

  One example is how the norm of intolerance in apartheid South Africa institutionalized prejudice.
• What laws formalised racial segregation in South Africa during apartheid?

  The Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act
• How did apartheid affect the social perception of racial groups in South Africa?

  It encouraged whites to see themselves as superior and relegated non-whites to second-class status
• What is institutional racism as described in the context of apartheid?

  Social institutions actively promoted and enforced racist policies, creating a norm of racial inequality
• What social norms are prioritized in New Zealand and Fiji?

  Fairness, respect for diversity, and inclusivity
• What historical agreement in New Zealand recognizes Māori rights?

  The Treaty of Waitangi (1840)
• How does Fiji promote cooperation among ethnic groups?

  Through communal decision-making that emphasizes cooperation
• How did white South Africans perceive black South Africans in terms of resources?

  As competitors for land, jobs, and political power
• What mindset did white South Africans have regarding gains made by black South Africans?

  They believed any gain for blacks meant a loss of privilege for whites
• What did Esses et al. (2001) suggest about resource stress and competition?

  It leads to heightened prejudice and hostility between groups
• How does collectivism in New Zealand and Fiji help reduce perceptions of competition?

  By promoting shared resources and communal well-being
• How has the recognition of Māori land rights in New Zealand affected intergroup competition?

  It has helped reduce competition over resources
• What communal aspect of Fijian society helps reduce intergroup conflict?

  The sharing of land and resources among ethnic groups
• What norm did apartheid institutionalize in South Africa?

  The norm of intolerance
• How did apartheid laws reinforce societal beliefs in South Africa?

  They reinforced the belief that whites should dominate all aspects of society
• What was the impact of violence and state-sponsored terror during apartheid?

  It created a climate of fear that reinforced racial intolerance
• How do collectivist societies like New Zealand and Fiji view fairness?

  As an integral part of social norms
• How is fairness reflected in New Zealand's policies?

  By recognizing Māori rights and addressing past injustices
• What does Fijian society emphasize in terms of community relations?

  Community and cooperation among different ethnic groups
• How did apartheid encourage individualism among whites?

  By prioritizing self-interest and individual advancement
• What cultural dimension was lacking in South Africa that could have promoted cooperation?

  The collectivist cultural dimension
• How do collectivist values in Fiji and New Zealand affect prejudice?

  They encourage interdependence and cooperation, leading to reduced prejudice
• What blend of values does New Zealand have regarding individualism and collectivism?

  A blend of individualist and collectivist values, with strong collectivist norms