milgram

• What is the main focus of Stanley Milgram's 1963 experiment?

  It explored the extent to which ordinary people would obey orders from an authority figure.
• How is obedience defined in the context of Milgram's experiment?

  Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a direct order from an authority figure.
• What was the aim of Milgram's obedience experiment?

  The aim was to understand the psychological factors that contribute to obedience to authority.
• Where was Milgram's experiment conducted?

  At Yale University.
• How many male participants were involved in Milgram's experiment?

  Over 40 male participants.
• What was the payment given to participants in Milgram's experiment?

  Each participant was paid $4.50 to participate.
• What role did the confederate play in the experiment?

  The confederate acted as the "learner" who pretended to be in pain.
• What was the purpose of the shock generator in the experiment?

  The shock generator was used to simulate administering electric shocks to the learner.
• What were the voltage levels on the shock generator?

  The shock generator had switches labeled from 15 volts to 450 volts.
• What instructions were given to the learner in the experiment?

  The learner was instructed to memorize word pairs and respond correctly when tested by the teacher.
• What did the experimenter do when participants hesitated to administer shocks?

  The experimenter used a series of phrases, known as "prods," to encourage participants to continue.
• What was the purpose of the "prods" used by the experimenter?

  The prods were designed to exert pressure while maintaining an authoritative tone.
• What were the four phrases used as prods in the experiment?

  The prods were: (1) "Please continue," (2) "The experiment requires that you continue," (3) "It is absolutely essential that you continue," (4) "You have no other choice; you must go on."
• What percentage of participants administered the maximum shock of 450 volts?

  65% of participants administered the maximum shock of 450 volts.
• What percentage of participants administered 300 volts?

  100% of participants administered 300 volts.
• What physical reactions did participants exhibit during the experiment?

  Participants were observed to tremble, sweat, bite their lip, and dig fingernails into their skin.
• What ethical concerns were raised by Milgram's experiment?

  The experiment raised concerns about deception, psychological distress, informed consent, and long-term effects on participants.
• What was one ethical issue related to deception in Milgram's experiment?

  Participants were misled about the true nature of the experiment and the learner's genuine condition.
• How did participants experience psychological distress during the experiment?

  Participants experienced significant levels of anxiety, stress, and guilt as they obeyed orders to inflict pain.
• What was lacking in terms of informed consent in Milgram's experiment?

  Participants did not provide full informed consent, as they were not fully aware of the experiment's true purpose.
• What potential long-term effects were not adequately considered in Milgram's experiment?

  The potential for long-term psychological effects on the participants was not adequately considered.
• How does pilot training apply the findings of Milgram's experiment?

  • Encourages open communication in the cockpit
  • Rank does not inhibit discussion or sharing concerns
  • Important for less experienced pilots to speak up
  • Prevents accidents due to miscommunication
• What limitation exists regarding participants' belief in the experiment's authenticity?

  A significant limitation is that some participants may not have believed the setup was real, affecting their behavior and the validity of the findings.
• What is a key strength of Milgram's obedience experiment regarding its procedure?

  The standardised procedure ensured consistency and reliability in the results.
• How did the standardised procedure enhance the study's internal validity?

  It allowed researchers to confidently attribute participants' behavior to the authority figure's commands rather than other variables.
• What was the role of the experimenter in Milgram's study?

  The experimenter acted as the authority figure who instructed the participants to administer shocks.
• What was the significance of the participants' reactions during the experiment?

  The participants' reactions indicated the psychological conflict between obedience and personal conscience.
• How does Milgram's experiment relate to real-world scenarios of authority and obedience?

  It highlights the potential for individuals to obey authority figures even when it conflicts with their moral beliefs.