personality & gender

• What criticism has been made regarding the internal validity of Milgram's experiment?

  Participants may have seen through the deception of the experiment.
• What is the definition of the authoritarian personality?

  The authoritarian personality is characterized by strict adherence to conventional values, submission to authority, and hostility towards non-conformists.
• What are the key features of the authoritarian personality?

  Key features include conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, rigid thinking, and superstition.
• What are the key features of the authoritarian personality?

  • Conventionalism
  • Authoritarian Submission
  • Authoritarian Aggression
  • Rigid Thinking
  • Anti-Intraception
  • Superstition and Stereotyping
  • Power and Toughness
  • Destruction and Cynicism
• How does the authoritarian personality develop according to Adorno et al (1950)?

  It develops in childhood, particularly in strict and harsh homes, leading to a valuing of authority and hierarchy.
• What Freudian idea is associated with the development of the authoritarian personality?

  Children of authoritarian parents experience suppressed hostility, projecting it onto weaker groups in adulthood.
• What is the F-Scale and who created it?

  The F-Scale is a questionnaire created by Adorno and colleagues to measure authoritarian traits linked to fascist tendencies.
• What traits does the F-Scale assess?

  It assesses traits such as conventionalism, submission to authority, and prejudice.
• What are the behaviors of individuals with authoritarian personalities?

  • Obey authority figures without questioning
  • Display prejudice toward minorities
  • Conform to societal norms
  • Reject individuals who deviate from norms
• How does the authoritarian personality relate to obedience?

  Individuals with authoritarian personalities are more susceptible to conforming to orders, even harmful ones, due to their strict belief in authority.
• What did Elms and Milgram find in their follow-up interviews regarding the F-scale?

  They found that those who scored higher on the F-scale were more likely to have obeyed authority figures in Milgram’s study.
• What is a counterpoint to the idea that harsh upbringing causes authoritarian personality traits?

  Correlation does not equal causation; lower educational levels may better predict authoritarian tendencies.
• What is an internal locus of control?

  It is the belief that individuals are responsible for their own successes and failures.
• How do individuals with an internal locus of control behave?

  They are more likely to take responsibility, exhibit independent behavior, and resist pressures to conform.
• What is an example of an internal locus of control statement?

  “I did well on the test because I studied hard.”
• What is an external locus of control?

  It is the belief that one's life is controlled by external factors such as luck or fate.
• How do individuals with an external locus of control behave?

  They are more prone to conforming to social pressure and authority due to feeling less control over their actions.
• What did Schurz (1985) find regarding obedience and locus of control?

  Those with an internal locus of control were no less obedient than those with an external locus of control.
• What does Schurz's research suggest about locus of control and responsibility?

  It suggests that locus of control influences how much responsibility individuals take for their actions, but not always obedience.
• How does an internal locus of control apply to the workplace?

  • Viewed as more effective in leadership roles
  • More likely to take responsibility
  • Show initiative and resist external pressures
  • Perform better in autonomous settings
• What has been researched regarding gender differences in obedience?

  Studies have explored whether men and women differ in their levels of obedience to authority figures and their reasoning in obedience scenarios.
• What were the findings of Sheridan & King (1972) regarding gender and obedience?

  • 100% of female participants gave maximum shock to the puppy
  • 54% of male participants gave maximum shock to the puppy
• What were the findings of Kilham & Mann (1972) regarding gender and obedience?

  • 40% of male participants fully obeyed the authority figure
  • 16% of female participants fully obeyed the authority figure
• What did Carol Gilligan propose about gender differences in obedience?

  She proposed that differences in obedience could be influenced by men's and women's different approaches to moral reasoning.
• What are the two ethical frameworks proposed by Gilligan regarding moral reasoning?

  • Ethic of Justice: Prioritizes rules, laws, fairness, and impartiality.
  • Ethic of Care: Emphasizes relationships, empathy, and well-being of others.
• How might the ethic of justice influence men's obedience?

  Men may obey authority when they perceive instructions as aligned with societal rules or justice.
• How might the ethic of care influence women's obedience?

  Women may obey when they feel pressure to conform to authority, even if it may cause harm to others.
• What is destructive obedience?

  • Following orders that result in harm to others.
  • Can occur in both men and women under strong situational pressures.
• What support exists for Gilligan's theory regarding moral reasoning?

  Gilligan and Attanucci (1988) found that men focus more on an ethic of justice, while women focus on an ethic of care in moral dilemmas.
• What criticism exists regarding Gilligan's theory of moral reasoning?

  There is a lack of consistent evidence for gender differences in obedience.
• What did Blass (1999) find in his meta-analysis regarding gender and obedience?

  Most studies showed no significant differences between men and women in obedience to authority figures.