situation & culture

• What is the definition of 'situation' in the context of behavior?

  Features of the immediate physical and social environment which may influence a person’s behaviour.
• How is 'culture' defined in the study material?

  The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a group of people in society – shared practices and beliefs.
• What are the factors affecting obedience according to the study material?

  • Situation
  • Culture
• What does Social Impact Theory (SIT) suggest about obedience?

  It demonstrates how factors in the situation may increase and decrease obedience.
• How does proximity affect obedience according to Milgram's research?

  When the distance between the authority figure and participant increases, obedience reduces.
• What was demonstrated in Milgram's Experiment 7 regarding proximity?

  Obedience reduced when instructions were given over the phone instead of in person.
• What does the term 'immediacy' refer to in Social Impact Theory?

  It refers to the closeness of the target in terms of space and time.
• How did Milgram's Experiment 3 demonstrate the effect of proximity on obedience?

  Obedience fell to 40% when the learner was in the same room as the teacher.
• How does legitimacy affect obedience according to the study material?

  Reducing the perceived legitimacy of the authority figure can reduce obedience.
• What was shown in Milgram's Experiment 10 regarding legitimacy?

  Reducing the prestige and status of the venue can reduce obedience.
• How can the behavior of others influence obedience?

  Exposure to role-models who are disobedient decreases obedience.
• What was the outcome of Milgram's Experiment 17 regarding the behavior of others?

  Obedience dropped to 10% when two additional 'teachers' refused to continue.
• What are the six dimensions identified by Geert Hofstede for comparing cultural values?

  1. Power Distance Index (PDI)
  2. Individualism vs Collectivism
  3. Uncertainty Avoidance
  4. Masculinity vs Femininity
  5. Long-Term vs Short-Term Orientation
  6. Indulgence vs Restraint
• How do high individualism and low PDI correlate with obedience?

  They tend to correlate with lower obedience.
• What is the correlation between high PDI and obedience?

  High PDI tends to correlate with higher obedience.
• How do countries like Japan and France exhibit obedience levels?

  They show moderate levels of obedience, balancing respect for hierarchy with individualism.
• What did Meeus & Raaijmakers (1995) find regarding obedience?

  90% delivered all 15 insults, but only 16% did so when witnessing two rebellious confederates.
• What does the study suggest about reducing obedience?

  It’s possible to reduce obedience by adjusting aspects of the situation.
• How has research on situational factors been applied in the countryside?

  Providing information about rules increased the likelihood that people would obey.
• What is a strength of cultural explanations regarding obedience?

  The link between obedience and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions is a strength.
• What did Kilham & Mann (1974) find regarding obedience in Australia?

  They found low levels of obedience (28%) in Australia, which scores low for PDI (36%).
• What did Dolinski et al. (2017) find regarding obedience in Poland?

  They found a very high level of obedience at 90%, which is expected due to a higher PDI (68%).
• What did Blass (2012) find regarding obedience rates in Milgram replications?

  He found an average obedience rate of 66% in non-US replications compared to 61% in US-based replications.
• What do the findings of Blass (2012) suggest about obedience as a social behavior?

  Obedience may be a universal social behavior, indicating culture might not impact it as much as thought.