personality

• What does authoritarianism refer to in personality traits?

  It refers to a strong adherence to authority, conventional norms, and rigid hierarchy.
• How do individuals with authoritarianism typically behave towards out-groups?

  They tend to show hostility towards out-groups and support for strict social order.
• What are the three components of right-wing authoritarianism?

  Authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, and conventionalism.
• What does social dominance orientation (SDO) reflect in a person's personality?

  It reflects a preference for inequality among social groups.
• According to Adorno, how are authoritarian personalities shaped?

  They are shaped by childhood environments involving submission to authority and repressed hostility.
• What psychological mechanism does Adorno suggest leads to prejudice in authoritarian personalities?

  Hostility is displaced onto weaker minority groups as a psychological defense mechanism.
• How does Allport view prejudice in relation to socialization?

  He views it as learned behavior influenced by socialization and societal norms.
• What is the relationship between personality and prejudice according to research?

  • Strong correlation between personality traits and levels of prejudice.
  • Individuals high in submission and aggression adhere to conventional norms.
  • They show aggression towards out-groups and resist norms challenging dominance.
• What does the evidence from toes et al suggest about authoritarian personalities?

  It suggests that individuals with authoritarian personalities are more likely to maintain prejudiced attitudes.
• What does the research by Shana Levin (2003) reveal about social identity and SDO scores?

  • SDO scores can vary based on social identity context.
  • Ashkenazi Jews showed higher SDO when primed about their identity in Israel.
  • Differences in SDO disappeared when considering Israel-Palestine relations.
• What is a weakness of the individual differences approach to prejudice according to Winfred Louis et al?

  It ignores the roles of social norms and situational cultures.
• What does the evidence from Winfred Louis et al suggest about RWA and SDO scales?

  • RWA and SDO scales lack social items affected by social attitudes.
  • Majority disagreed with "The white race is the best race."
  • Majority agreed with the exclusion of asylum seekers.
• Why is it important to understand both social and individual factors in addressing prejudice?

  To effectively address the consequences of prejudice.
• What is the main focus of the evaluation points regarding personality factors affecting prejudice?

  The relationship between personality traits and prejudice, and the influence of social norms.