Propagation of Action Potentials

Cards (37)

  • What is the definition of local current in the context of nerves?
    The movement of ions along the neurone due to concentration differences.
  • How does local current occur in neurons?
    It occurs due to an increase in ion concentration at one point, causing diffusion away from that region.
  • What is saltatory conduction?
    A mechanism of nerve impulse transmission in myelinated neurons.
  • How does saltatory conduction work?
    Action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next.
  • What happens when positive ions arrive at one node during saltatory conduction?
    It depolarizes the second node, triggering another action potential.
  • What are the key features of local currents and saltatory conduction?
    • Local currents involve ion movement along the neurone.
    • Caused by concentration differences leading to diffusion.
    • Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated neurons.
    • Action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier.
    • Positive ions depolarize subsequent nodes.
  • What is the direction of movement for an action potential along a neurone?
    The action potential moves in one direction until it reaches the end of the neurone.
  • Why does the action potential not reverse direction?
    Because the concentration of sodium ions behind the action potential is still high.
  • What is the process of action potential propagation along a neurone?
    1. Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to diffuse inside the neurone.
    2. Localized increase in concentration of Na+ inside the neurone occurs.
    3. This increase causes the action potential.
    4. Na+ diffuses along the axon.
    5. Na+ gates that were initially closed open due to Na+ movement, allowing the action potential to move.
  • How far apart are the nodes along the neurone?
    The nodes are 1 - 3 mm apart.
  • What happens when Na+ channels open in a neurone?
    Na+ diffuses inside the neurone, increasing the concentration of Na+ inside.
  • What is the role of Na+ movement in the action potential process?
    Na+ movement causes the action potential and allows it to propagate along the neurone.
  • What is the effect of myelination on action potential conduction?
    Myelination increases the rate of action potential conduction.
  • What is the term used for the conduction method in myelinated axons?
    Saltatory conduction
  • What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurons?
    The myelin sheath insulates the axon to facilitate faster conduction.
  • What happens to action potential conduction in unmyelinated axons?
    It occurs at a slower rate compared to myelinated axons.
  • How does the presence of nodes of Ranvier affect action potential conduction?
    Nodes of Ranvier allow for faster conduction through saltatory conduction.
  • What are the key differences between myelinated and unmyelinated axons in terms of action potential conduction?
    • Myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster due to saltatory conduction.
    • Unmyelinated axons conduct action potentials slower through continuous conduction.
    • Myelinated axons have nodes of Ranvier that facilitate rapid transmission.
  • What is the resting potential of a neuron?
    The resting potential is typically around -70 mV.
  • What is the significance of action potentials in neurons?
    Action potentials are essential for transmitting signals along neurons.
  • What ions are primarily involved in generating action potentials?
    Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions are primarily involved.
  • What is the role of K+ ions during an action potential?
    K+ ions help to repolarize the neuron after depolarization.
  • What is the relationship between action potential conduction rates and the presence of myelination?
    Myelination increases action potential conduction rates compared to unmyelinated axons.
  • What is the typical resting potential of a neuron?
    • 70 mV
  • What is the effect of action potentials on neuron signaling?
    Action potentials enable neurons to communicate signals effectively.
  • What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
    To insulate axons and increase the speed of action potential conduction.
  • What is the state of the voltage-gated sodium channels in the resting state of a sector?
    They are closed but in an active state.
  • What characterizes the refractory period in a sector?
    The voltage-gated sodium ion channels are closed and inactive.
  • How does the impulse travel during the refractory period?
    It only travels in one direction.
  • What initiates an action potential in a sector?
    Local depolarizations begin to open voltage-gated sodium channels.
  • What is the composition of the myelin sheath?
    It contains myelin, a phospholipid.
  • What happens to voltage-gated sodium channels in the sector during action potential propagation?
    They are opened, allowing sodium ions to move.
  • What is the role of the myelin sheath in action potential propagation?
    It does not conduct an electric current.
  • What is the Node of Ranvier?
    It is a region of unmyelinated nerve cell membrane.
  • What occurs at the Node of Ranvier regarding ion movement?
    Voltage-gated ion channels allow Na+ and K+ movement across the membrane.
  • How effective are depolarizations of voltage-gated sodium channels?
    They are effective over greater distances between adjacent Nodes of Ranvier.
  • What is saltatory conduction in myelinated neurons?
    • The impulse jumps from node to node.
    • It increases the speed of action potential propagation.
    • It occurs at the Nodes of Ranvier.