Alcohol, Smoking, Malnutrition & Obesity

• What lifestyle factors increase the risk of non-communicable diseases?

  Drinking alcohol and smoking
• How do lifestyle factors like alcohol and smoking affect the body?

  They change how the body works and increase toxin levels
• What is the main poisonous component found in alcohol?

  Ethanol
• What happens to ethanol after it is absorbed from the gut?

  It passes to the liver to be broken down
• Why are liver cells more likely to be damaged by ethanol?

  Because they are primarily responsible for breaking it down
• What disease can result from liver cell damage due to alcohol?

  Cirrhosis
• What is the effect of nicotine found in cigarettes?

  It is addictive
• How does carbon monoxide from smoking affect the blood?

  It reduces how much oxygen the blood can carry
• What are some health issues caused by smoking?

  Cardiovascular disease and lung disease
• How does smoking affect blood pressure?

  It causes blood pressure to increase
• What type of correlation does the graph showing liver disease incidence and ethanol consumption depict?

  A positive correlation
• What does a scatter diagram show?

  It shows a correlation between two factors
• What is the BMI threshold for obesity in adults?

  BMI over 30
• How is waist: hip ratio calculated?

  waist: hip ratio = waist circumference / hip circumference
• What shape is associated with a higher risk of diseases in waist: hip ratio?

  'Apple' shape
• What health problems are linked with obesity?

  Type 2 diabetes
• What is the relationship between waist: hip ratio and coronary heart disease?

  As waist: hip ratio increases, the risk of coronary heart disease increases
• What is the purpose of lifestyle changes in treating cardiovascular disease?

  To improve health and reduce the risk of other health conditions
• What are the recommended lifestyle changes for treating cardiovascular disease?

  • Take more exercise
  • Give up smoking
  • Eat a healthier diet (lower fat, sugar, and salt)
  • Lose weight
• What is a stent used for in cardiovascular treatment?

  To open narrowed arteries and improve blood flow
• What happens if the blood supply to the heart muscle is reduced?

  The heart muscle cells cannot get enough oxygen, leading to a heart attack
• What are the advantages of medication for cardiovascular disease?

  It starts working immediately and is cheaper than surgery
• What are the disadvantages of surgery for cardiovascular disease?

  It is expensive and carries risks of infection
• What is the percentage of deaths in the group without stents?

  18.5%
• What is the percentage of deaths in the group with stents?

  19.0%
• What is the implication of the small difference in death percentages between the two groups?

  It suggests that stent surgery may not be worth doing if other treatments are effective
• What should you do when answering a discuss question in an exam?

  • Plan your answer using bullet points
  • Cover all points in the question
  • Arrange points logically
  • Produce a well-organized answer
• How might risk factors increase the chances of developing cancer?

  By contributing to cellular changes that lead to cancer
• How do you calculate BMI?

  BMI = weight in kilograms / (height in metres)²
• What is the BMI of a 45-year-old woman who is 160 cm tall and weighs 80 kg?

  $BMI =$$\frac{80}{(1.6)^2} =$$31.25$
• Is a BMI of 31.25 considered obese?

  Yes, it is over 30
• What are the potential health risks associated with obesity?

  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Joint problems
  • Certain cancers