bonding

• What are noble gases and where are they found in the periodic table?

  • Noble gases are found in group 0 (or group 8).
  • Examples: Helium, Argon.
  • They are monoatomic, stable, and unreactive.
• Why are noble gases unreactive?

  Noble gases are unreactive because they have a completely filled outer shell of electrons.
• What happens to elements in groups 1-7 regarding their outer shell electrons?

  They lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
• What are cations?

  Cations are positively charged species formed when metals lose their valence electrons.
• What are anions?

  Anions are negatively charged species formed when non-metals gain valence electrons.
• What are the types of bonding?

  1. Ionic bonding
  2. Covalent bonding
  3. Metallic bonding
• What is ionic bonding?

  Ionic bonding occurs between metal atoms and non-metal atoms through the transfer of valence electrons.
• What is formed during ionic bonding?

  Cations and anions are formed, which are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.
• What are ionic compounds?

  • Ionic compounds are produced from ionic bonding.
  • They consist of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds.
• What is covalent bonding?

  Attraction holding atoms by sharing electrons

  
• Between which types of atoms do covalent bonds occur?

  Non-metallic atoms only
• Can covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element?

  Yes, they can form between the same element
• What is the charge state of atoms in a covalent bond?

  No ions are present, no charges
• What are covalent compounds called?

  Molecules
• How do shared electrons appear in covalent bonding?

  They appear in pairs

  
• What forms a single covalent bond?

  One pair of shared electrons

  
• What forms a double covalent bond?

  Two pairs of shared electrons

  
• What forms a triple covalent bond?

  Three pairs of shared electrons

  
• What are the steps to draw electron diagrams of molecules?

  1. Draw circles for outer shells
  2. Write symbols of atoms in the middle
  3. Draw electrons as dots and crosses
  4. Draw shared electrons in overlapping section
  5. Count electrons for each atom
• How many valence electrons does a hydrogen atom have?

  One valence electron

  
• How do hydrogen atoms achieve stability in H2 molecule?

  By sharing one electron each

  
• What is the bond notation for a single covalent bond between hydrogen atoms?

  H – H

  
• How many valence electrons does a chlorine atom have?

  Seven valence electrons

  
• How do chlorine atoms achieve stability in Cl2 molecule?

  By sharing one electron each

  
• How many electrons does a chlorine atom have in its outer shell?

  Seven electrons
• How many electrons does a hydrogen atom have in its outer shell?

  One electron
• How many bonds can a hydrogen atom form?

  One bond

  
• What happens when hydrogen shares its electron with chlorine?

  They form one covalent bond

  
• How many electrons can hydrogen count in its outer shell after bonding with chlorine?

  Two electrons
• How many electrons can chlorine count in its outer shell after bonding with hydrogen?

  Eight electrons
• What type of bonds are formed between atoms of similar elements?

  Covalent bonds
• What is the structural formula of a hydrogen chloride molecule?

  HCl

  
• How many valence electrons does an oxygen atom have?

  6 valence electrons
• How many electrons does an oxygen atom need to form a noble gas configuration?

  2 electrons

  
• How many electrons do two oxygen atoms share to form O2?

  4 electrons

  
• What is the resulting valence electron count for each oxygen atom in O2?

  8 valence electrons
• How is the bond between two oxygen atoms represented?

  O = O

  
• How many electrons does a nitrogen atom have in its outer shell?

  5 electrons
• How many electrons do two nitrogen atoms share to form N2?

  6 electrons

  
• How many bonds are formed between two nitrogen atoms in N2?

  Three bonds