MORE/EXTRA INFORMATION

• What are the three domains of life mentioned in the study material?

  • Eukaryotes
  • Prokaryotes
  • Archaea
• What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

  It contains the cell's genetic material
• What type of DNA do prokaryotes have?

  Circular DNA
• What is a plasmid?

  A small circular DNA molecule found in prokaryotes
• What is the primary function of the cell wall in plants?

  To provide structure and support
• How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

  Through binary fission
• What is present in eukaryotic cells that is not found in prokaryotic cells?

  Nuclear envelope
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  To carry out photosynthesis
• What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions?

  • Rough ER: Involved in protein synthesis
  • Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis
• What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

  Involved in protein synthesis
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Controls movement of substances in and out of cells
• What does magnification refer to in microscopy?

  Number of times large the image appears compared to the size of the object
• How is magnification calculated?

  Size of image / size of object
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  Smallest distance between 2 points where they are seen as separate
• What type of microscope uses an electron beam?

  Electron microscope
• What is a key advantage of using an electron microscope?

  It observes greater detail
• What is a limitation of light microscopes?

  They are limited by resolution
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Packaging and modification for transport
• What do chloroplasts contain for photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll
• What do permanent vacuoles store in plant cells?

  Cell sap and pigments
• What are the specialized cells mentioned in the study material and their functions?

  • Xylem cells: Transport water
  • Phloem cells: Transport nutrients
  • Sperm cells: Reproduction
  • Nerve cells: Signal transmission
• When do most animal cells differentiate?

  At an early stage
• Can many cell types differentiate throughout a plant's life?

  Yes
• What are aseptic techniques and their importance?

  • Sterilize equipment by flaming
  • Incubate at 25°C to prevent pathogenic bacteria growth
  • Tape petri dish lid and place upside-down to prevent contamination
• How do you test the effectiveness of antibiotics?

  Measure area of zone of inhibition
• Why should the petri dish be placed upside-down during incubation?

  To prevent condensation disrupting culture
• What organelle is involved in ATP synthesis?

  Mitochondria
• How does the structure of eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not
• Binary Fission


  how bacterial asexually reproduce
• colonies


  A visual mass of many bacteria
• nutrient broth solution


  A liquid food culture media to grow bacteria
• Agar gel plates


  A solid food culture media to grow bacteria
• aseptic technique 


  A way of preventing contamination when growing bacteria
• inoculating loop


  a sterile looped piece of wire which can transfer bacteria between culture media
• Incubator


  A machine with a set temperature to grow bacteria
• culture media


  a liquid or solid food source to grow bacterial cultures in
• antiseptic


  a substance which kills bacteria and other microorganisms
• total magnification- magnification of the objective lens x magnification of the eyepiece lens
• sperm cell


  an animal cell with a head containing genetic material for fertilisation and a tail for swimming to the egg cell
• nerve cell


  an extended animal cell with many branches that send electrical, message around the body