Modern Medicine

• Who was Charles Booth 


  1886-1903 Charles Booth was a reportists who found that 30% of Londoners didn’t have enough money to eat properly
• Who was Seebohm Rowntree 


  1899-1901 A reportists who found that 28% of the population did not have the minimum amount of money to live on
• Who was Lloyd George 


  George was a leading liberal who experienced poverty first hand in Wales. The liberals won the 1906 election with the promise of creating reforms to help specific problems the poor faced.
• What has led to the development of the pharmaceutical industry?

  New ailments and diseases
• What challenges has the pharmaceutical industry faced in the last 100 years?

  Challenges in drug development and efficacy
• What did pharmaceutical companies begin to do?

  Manufacture drugs
• What periods did pharmaceutical companies utilize for drug development?

  Resound and decline periods
• What was the focus of discovery in the early years of pharmaceutical research?

  Diseases caused by bacteria
• What significant discovery was made in 1953 related to genetics?

  The structure of DNA was identified
• What major program began in the 1970s related to genetics?

  The Human Genome Project
• What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

  To understand genetic diseases and their treatments
• What health issue was highlighted in the 20th-21st century regarding statins?

  Statins were banned in 1961
• What was a significant problem with antibiotics over the years?

  Development of antibiotic resistance
• What disease emerged in the late 20th century that affected the immune system?

  AIDS
• How is AIDS transmitted?

  Through sexual contact
• What lifestyle factors impact health according to the study material?

  Obesity and smoking
• What are alternative treatments mentioned in the study material?

  Non-drug remedies like acupuncture
• What did Charles Booth study in 1902?

  Poor living conditions
• When was the Labour party set up to improve public health?

  In 1900
• What percentage of volunteers for the Boer War were unfit to be soldiers?

  40%
• What did Seebika Rowntree's 1901 study reveal?

  25% of people lived in poverty
• What was one of the Liberal Health Reforms introduced in 1906?

  Free school meals
• What was the significance of the introduction of X-rays in 1895?

  They allowed for better diagnosis of injuries
• What technique improved during World War I for surgeries?

  Aseptic techniques
• What was a major advancement in blood transfusions during WWI?

  Blood storage techniques were developed
• What was added to blood during WWI to prevent clotting?

  Sodium citrate
• What was the impact of the Welfare State introduced in 1948?

  It provided free health care for all
• What was the cost of the NHS in 1950?

  £10 billion
• What was a significant change in public attitudes after WWII?

  People believed they deserved a better life
• What were the key components of the Welfare State established in 1948?

  • Introduction of the NHS for free health care
  • Family Allowance for child care costs
  • Benefits for the very poor
  • Raising school leaving age to 15
  • Creation of free university places
  • Building of 280,000 council houses annually
  • Establishment of 12 new towns by 1948
• What were the impacts of World Wars on medical advancements?

  1. Introduction of X-rays for better diagnosis
  2. Improved aseptic techniques in surgeries
  3. Development of blood transfusion methods and blood banks
  4. Advancements in plastic surgery techniques
  5. Increased government involvement in medical care due to casualties
• What were the Liberal Health Reforms and their significance?

  • Free School Meals (1906)
  • Mandatory registration of all births (1907)
  • Old Age Pension Act (1908)
  • Labour Exchange set up (1909)
  • National Working Act (1911) for sick leave
  • Paid MPs introduced

  These reforms aimed to improve public health and living conditions for the working class.