skeletal system

• what are the five functions of the skeleton?

  support, protection, assisting in movement, storage/production of minerals, production of blood cells
• the skeletal system is the framework of the body, supports softer organs and provides points of attachment for most muscles
• the skeleton provides mechanical protection for many of the body's organs, reducing the risk of injury
• what do the cranial nerves protect?

  the brain
• what does the vertebrae protect?

  the spinal cord
• what does the ribcage protect?

  the heart and lungs
• bones provide points of attachment for muscles, therefore, when the associated muscles contract, they cause bones to move
• what are some of the minerals that bone tissue stores?

  calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
• when required, bones release minerals into the blood, facilitating the balance of minerals in the body
• some of the blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow
• what is the axial skeleton?

  it consists of the head and the trunk of the body, so things such as the skull and ribs
• what is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

  enables the body to move and protects some organs
• what are the bones of the appendicular skeleton called?

  appendage bones
• what is the splanchnic skeleton?

  contains bones that develop in tissue and that are unattached to the rest of the body.
• what is a joint?

  the point where two or more bones meet
• fibrous joints are fixed by fibrous connective tissue that allows no movement
• where are fibrous joints found?


  the skin
• cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage and only allow slight movement
• where can cartilaginous joints be found?

  spin and the rib
• cartilage can be a good shock absorber
• synovial joints are freely moveable and occur where two bones meet
• what is the function of the hyaline cartilage in the synovial joint?


  reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
• what is the function of the ligament ?

  joins bone to bone and stabilises the joint
• what is the function of the tendon?


  joins muscle to bone and enables movement
• what is the function of the synovial membrane?


  produces synovial fluid
• what is the function of synovial fluid?

  lubricates the joint
• what is the fibrous capsule?


  it is an envelope around the synovial joint
• the elbow is a hinge joint, it is capable of angular movement in one direction, a small amount of rotation may be possible but too much will cause injury
• long, flat and irregular shaped bones are composed mainly of compact bone
• compact bone is formed of densely packed osteocytes with very little air space in between. it is very strong and makes up 80% of the bones in the body
• label this diagram of compact bone

  A) lamella

  B) osteocytes

  C) Haversian canal

  
• bone is made up of lots of tightly packed tube-like structures called osteons. osteons are made up of layers of ring called lamellae. each lamellae is made up of osteocytes. in the centre of the layers of lamellae is a canal holding nerves and blood vessels
• spongy/cancellous bone forms the interior of all bones. more air spaces between the bone cells to give low density and strength but a high surface area
• what is found within spongy bone?

  bone marrow, veins, arteries and nerves
• what is the structure of long bones?

  they are longer than they are wide. they consist of a shaft and a variable number of ending (extremities)
• long bones act as levers and aid locomotion, they also provide support
• what is the structure of short bones?

  roughly cube shaped, with equal dimensions
• what is the function of short bones?

  they absorb concussion
• flat bones are thin and protect organs. muscles attach to these bones
• what are some examples of flat bones?


  bones of the pelvis, cranial bones