learning theory

• What does the term 'stimulus' refer to?

  A thing or event that induces a specific reaction
• response ?

  A reaction to something
• cognition?

  As the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses
• learning?

  Knowledge acquired through study, experience, or being taught
• What is an unconditioned stimulus?

  A stimulus that always naturally causes a response
• What is a conditioned stimulus?

  A previously neutral stimulus that comes to cause a response through training or learning
• What is an unconditioned response?

  An unlearned, natural response
• What is a conditioned response?

  An automatic response caused through training to a neutral stimulus
• How does a conditioned stimulus differ from an unconditioned stimulus?

  A conditioned stimulus requires training to elicit a response, while an unconditioned stimulus does not
• classical conditioning - an neutral stimulus that is associated with a natural response
• operant conditioning

  a response that is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment
• observational learning

  learning that occurs through observation and imitation of others
• positive reinforcement

  • giving a positive reward to encourage good behaviour
• Negative reinforcement

  • a response is strengthened by removing a negative outcome
• Positive punishment

  • presenting a negative consequence for an undesirable behaviour
• Negative punishment

  • removing a positive thing to reduce the occurrence of a bad behaviour
• Habituation

  a learned behaviour in which an individual's response to stimuli decreases over time
• Sensitisation

  an increase responsiveness to repeated application of stimulus or to aversive stimulus.
• What is the focus of operant conditioning?

  Strengthening or weakening voluntary responses
• Who are the key figures associated with operant conditioning?

  Thorndike and B.F. Skinner
• What is associative learning?

  Learning that occurs through associations
• What is the purpose of puzzle boxes in operant conditioning?

  To study behavior through rewards
• What type of learning occurs by watching others?

  Social/observational learning
• What is latent learning?

  Learning that is not demonstrated until rewarded
• Who conducted research on latent learning with rats?

  EC Tolman
• What is insight learning?

  Realizing how to solve a problem
• How does a dog demonstrate insight learning in the example given?

  By pushing a box to jump over a gate
• What does cognition refer to in animals?

  Mental capacity for understanding and remembering
• What are the key terms related to learning theory discussed in the lesson?

  • Associative learning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Social/observational learning
  • Latent learning
  • Insight learning
  • Cognition
• What are the types of associative learning mentioned?

  • Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
  • Operant conditioning (Thorndike)
• What are the components of higher learning in animals?

  • Social learning
  • Latent learning
  • Insight learning
  • Cognition
• What is the stimulus-response theory related to learning?

  Habituation and sensitization
• What is the link between operant conditioning and behavior?

  Behavior is controlled by consequences
• What is the significance of rewards in operant conditioning?

  They strengthen or weaken voluntary responses
• How do social and observational learning differ from operant conditioning?

  Social learning involves observing others