Module2

• Why is understanding human evolution important in exercise science?

  It helps explain why we move as we do.
• What types of movements have humans evolved for?

  Walking, running, climbing, and throwing.
• What adaptations support bipedalism in humans?

  Strong hip muscles and inward-sloping thigh bones.
• What features help humans run long distances?

  Arched feet, springy tendons, and sweating.
• What types of movements have humans evolved for strength-based actions?

  Hunting and fighting.
• What are the three types of symmetry in living organisms?

  • Spherical (e.g., viruses, bacteria)
  • Radial (e.g., jellyfish, starfish)
  • Bilateral (e.g., reptiles, birds, mammals)
• How much distance did early humans average in physical activity per day?

  1. 15 km per day.
• What future adaptations may change how humans move?

  Bionic limbs and exoskeletons.
• What is the purpose of anthropometry?

  Measuring body size and composition.
• What are basic indicators of body size?

  Height, weight, and BMI.
• Why is BMI not a direct measure of body fat?

  It does not account for muscle mass.
• What are the two components of body composition?

  Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM).
• What does the skinfold method measure?

  Subcutaneous fat.
• What does Bio-impedance Analysis (BIA) estimate?

  Fat-free mass (FFM) through electrical current.
• What does densitometry measure?

  Body density by water or air displacements.
• What is DXA scanning used for?

  Measuring bone density and fat distribution.
• What should be considered when interpreting body composition results?

  Each method has potential errors and relies on assumptions.
• What new technologies are improving body composition analysis?

  Ultrasound and 3D scanning.
• Why do fat and muscle matter in health and performance?

  They play unique roles in energy use and insulation.
• What is a common myth about muscles and fat?

  Muscles do not turn to fat.
• What is spot reduction?

  Fat loss cannot be targeted to specific areas.
• How much energy does fat store compared to carbohydrates?

  Fat stores twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
• What can high visceral fat lead to?

  Metabolic issues.
• Why is essential fat important?

  It is important for reproductive and bone health.
• What role does muscle play in the body?

  It supports metabolism and is a major energy consumer.
• What are myokines?

  Anti-inflammatory chemicals produced by muscles.
• How do fat and muscle interact?

  They communicate chemically, affecting inflammation and energy use.
• What happens to intramuscular triglyceride levels in athletes?

  They increase to support endurance.
• What happens to intramuscular triglyceride levels in obesity?

  Fat in muscle can impair health if unused.
• What helps maintain healthy body composition?

  Exercise, good nutrition, and stress management.
• What is the purpose of musculoskeletal architecture?

  • Supports different movements
  • Provides strength in the lower body for weight-bearing
  • Offers speed in the upper body for range of motion
• What is a Class 1 lever in the body?

  A lever that balances, like a seesaw (e.g., neck joint).
• What is a Class 2 lever in the body?

  A lever that provides mechanical advantage (e.g., calf raises).
• What is a Class 3 lever in the body?

  A lever that provides speed and range (e.g., most long bones in limbs).
• What is torque in relation to movement?

  Torque is the "turning effect" produced by force and distance from the joint.
• At what elbow angle does peak torque for the biceps occur?

  About 80 degrees.
• Why do chains and bands increase resistance during lifts?

  They match the natural increase in joint torque.
• What does the evolutionary design of joints and muscle attachments favor?

  A balance of strength and range of motion.
• What does the HAES approach emphasize?

  Health through lifestyle rather than weight.
• How was obesity classified recently?

  As a disease.