Module 4

• What is physical inactivity?

  The non-achievement of physical activity guidelines
• What are sedentary behaviors?

  Low energy expenditure activities associated with increased health risks
• What health risks are linked to physical inactivity?

  Decreased insulin sensitivity, lower bone density, reduced muscle mass, and higher risk of poor health outcomes
• How does regular physical activity benefit health?

  It improves physical, mental, and social well-being and reduces mortality
• What percentage of health conditions can be prevented through early lifestyle changes?

  Over 50%
• What is the dose-response relationship in exercise?

  More activity generally leads to greater health benefits
• What principles should be followed in exercise guidelines?

  Overload, progression, and specificity
• How does WHO define health?

  A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
• What is a key takeaway regarding adult activity levels?

  Half of adults are not sufficiently active
• What is sarcopenia?

  Loss of muscle mass and strength, increasing the risk of falls and disability
• What type of muscle fibers are affected by sarcopenia?

  Fast type II muscle fibers
• What is osteoporosis?

  Decreased bone density leading to fragile bones and higher fracture risk
• How does physical activity benefit older adults?

  Increases muscle mass, bone density, and functional health
• What additional benefits does physical activity provide for older adults with chronic conditions?

  Improves sleep, mental well-being, and reduces anxiety and depression
• What does strength training help delay in older adults?

  Muscle and bone loss
• What is the significance of strength training for older adults?

  It improves insulin sensitivity and can yield strength gains similar to younger adults
• What challenges does an aging population present?

  Increased need to focus on healthy aging to minimize disability and maintain independence
• What is the FITT-VP principle in exercise prescription?

  Fitness, Intensity, Type, Time, Volume, Progression
• Why might standard exercise programs not suit everyone?

  They lack personal motivation and enjoyment
• What is sustainable exercise?

  Exercise that is enjoyable and helps individuals maintain long-term activity
• What does personalized exercise consider?

  Individual needs, motivation, health status, and lifestyle
• What is genetic testing for fitness?

  Insights into diet, health, and exercise, though accuracy is limited
• What are extreme environments in exercise?

  Conditions like heat, cold, low oxygen, and gravity that challenge performance
• How does exercise interact with environmental stressors?

  Exercise adds internal stress, which interacts with external stressors
• How do humans adapt to extreme environments?

  Humans adapt well to heat and moderate altitude but rely on behavior/technology for extreme conditions
• What is the research value of studying extreme environments?

  It helps understand human physiology and diseases, aiding in emergency medicine and performance enhancement
• How is health connected to the environment?

  Health involves physical, mental, and social well-being and is linked with our environment
• What impact do green spaces have on health?

  They improve air quality, reduce urban heat, encourage physical activity, and contribute to mental health
• What does the Biophilia Hypothesis suggest?

  Humans have an innate connection to nature, beneficial for psychological well-being
• How does proximity to green spaces affect physical activity levels?

  It is associated with higher physical activity levels
• What urban design attributes can foster physical activity?

  Residential density, public transport, and park availability
• How does the built environment affect daily physical activity?

  Modern urban environments often reduce daily physical activity, but activity-friendly areas can counteract this
• What is the Atua Matua framework?

  It integrates Maori environmental knowledge and tribal interpretations to connect health, exercise, and environmental awareness
• What does Matauranga Maori emphasize?

  Indigenous environmental knowledge
• What does Whakapapa focus on?

  Ancestral connections to the environment
• What are Nga Tohu used for?

  Environmental signs for guidance and learning in activities
• How does the Atua Matua framework promote physical activity?

  Encourages interactions with the environment to promote physical activity and cultural identity
• What challenges does physical inactivity present?

  It is a modified risk factor for many diseases
• What is a strength-based approach to physical activity?

  Promoting exercise in positive, enjoyable, and socially engaging ways
• What should exercise consider for personalized approaches?

  Individual genetics, the built environment, and cultural frameworks