covalent B in chlorine, H,Hydrogen chloride

• What should you be able to describe by the end of the video?

  How electrons are shared in covalent bonding
• What is the significance of hydrogen, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride in the video?

  They are required in the specification for covalent bonding
• What happens during ionic bonding?

  Outer electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a non-metal atom
• What do ionic bonds produce?

  Ions, which are atoms with an overall charge
• What electronic structure do ions have?

  A stable electronic structure of a noble gas
• What is covalent bonding?

  When non-metal atoms bond together by sharing electrons
• What is the formula for a hydrogen molecule?

  H2
• What does the formula H2 indicate?

  It indicates that there are two hydrogen atoms bonded together
• What type of element is hydrogen?

  Non-metal
• How many electrons does a hydrogen atom have?

  One electron
• How many electrons can the first energy level hold?

  A maximum of two electrons
• How does a hydrogen molecule achieve a full outer energy level?

  By bonding with another hydrogen atom and sharing electrons
• What is formed when two hydrogen atoms share electrons?

  A single covalent bond
• What is an energy level diagram?

  A diagram that shows how electrons are arranged in atoms
• What does a dot and cross diagram represent?

  It shows the electrons in the outer energy level
• What does the line in a stick diagram represent?

  The single covalent bond or shared pair of electrons
• What is the formula for the chlorine molecule?

  Cl2
• How many electrons does each chlorine atom have?

  17 electrons
• How many electrons are in the outer energy level of chlorine?

  Seven electrons
• How do chlorine atoms achieve a full outer energy level?

  By overlapping their outer energy levels and forming a single covalent bond
• What is the formula for hydrogen chloride?

  HCl
• How many electrons does a hydrogen atom have in hydrogen chloride?

  One electron
• How many electrons does a chlorine atom have in hydrogen chloride?

  Seven electrons
• How do hydrogen and chlorine achieve a full outer energy level in hydrogen chloride?

  By overlapping their outer energy levels
• What are the different representations of covalent bonding discussed in the video?

  • Energy level diagram
  • Dot and cross diagram
  • Stick diagram
• What are the key characteristics of covalent bonds?

  • Formed by sharing electrons
  • Strong bonds
  • Involve non-metal atoms
• What is the process of forming covalent bonds in molecules like H2, Cl2, and HCl?

  1. Atoms share electrons
  2. Achieve full outer energy levels
  3. Form single covalent bonds