working memory model

• baddley and hutch proposed the working memory model in 1974
• working memory is used when we are working on a complex task which requires you to store information as you go along. it has a limited capacity
• phonological loop-central exclusive-vss

  |

  episodic buffer

  |

  LTM
• articulatory loop is the inner voice which rehearses sound information in a loop from ps
• phonological store is the inner ear which stores speech sounds information
• phonological loop is futher split into the articulatory loop and phonological store
• the visual spacial sketchpad is futher split into the visual cache and the inner scribe
• the visual cache stores what things look like
• the inner scribe stores where things are
• the phonological loops capacity is 1.5-2 seconds and it’s encoding is acoustic
• the visual spacial sketchpads capacity is 3-4 items and it’s encoidng is visual (iconic)
• the central executive is the most important part as it controls the phonological loop and visual spacial sketchpad and decides what to pay attention to and what to ignore
• the wmm was updated in 2000 and the eposodic buffer was added which integrates info from other components and the ltm
• chalice and warrington (1970) conducted a case study on kf who suffered from brain damage and they learnt that he had poor ability to rember verbal information but could rember visual into which supports idea of separate acoustic and visual stores
• baddley et al (1975) studied dual talk research by showing participants had more difficulty doing two visual tasks then a visual task and a verbal task which shows there myst be separate visual and acoustic stores
• baddley and hitch (1974) investigated word length and demonstrated that individuals found it more difficult to rember a list of long words rather than short words which shows limit of capacity of phonological loop
• simon’s and chabris (1999) investigated selective attention using the gorilla experiment which supports idea of visual special sketchpad
• interference is when one memory is disrupting the ability to recall another when two memories are similar
• baddley and hitch investigated rugby players ability to recall names of teams they had played against. the players who played the most games had the worst recall as they had the most interference
• tulving and psokata: gave participants lists of words organised into categories one list at a time. the recall got progressively worse at each list until they were cued. this shows interfence causes a temporary loss of accessibility which is still in the ltm
• mcdonald and mcgeoch- participants had to learn a list of words until they could remember them with 100% accuracy. six groups had different word lists. most similar words had worst recall which shows interference is strongest when memories are similar
• context dependent cues are memories linked to external and enviromental cues
• state dependent cues are memories linked to internal state of oneself.
• gooden and baddley studied deep sea divers and had them learn and recall words in four different conditions. they found that recall was more accurate in marching conditions which is an example of context dependent
• carter and cassidy gave antihistamine to participants which had a mild sedative effect. participants were asked to learn a list of words in four different conditions. they found when the state of mind for the recalk was the same as when they learnt them recall was more accurate which proves state dependent cues
• Retroactive interference occurs when the learning of new information interferes with the recall of old information from long-term memory
• Proactive Interference occurs when old information or knowledge interferes with the abikity to recall new information
• retrival failure is an explanation for forgetting and happens in the absence of state and context dependent cues