Key topic 2

• protestant influences - why people were unhappy

  • services were in latin , parishes only recieved commonium in one kind
  • in london 2/3 of the clergy had degree
  • clergy men had multiple positions and were often absent from their parishes - e.g cardinal wolsey was archbishop of york and bishop of lincon and tournail
  • some catholic preists broke their vow of chastity ie wolsey had an illegitimate son
  • monostaries were criticized for their low moral standards
  • anti clerical feeling ie hunne case
  • however the protestant reformation was not inevitable
• protestant influences - luther

  • Luther's ideas began to arrive in england in the 1520s
  • they spread through the import of printed books
  • 1525 first known lutheran robert barnes preached his views at cambridge , this is where academics like cranmer were influenced
  • luthers ideas gained support at henrys court including cromwell and anne boleyn
• • as henrys mistress anne had considerable influence
  • she was interested in studying the bible - had her own french copy
  • protestantism developed between 1529 - 1539
  • actions of cranmer and cromwell were vital in getting an annulment by encouraging the idea of the royal supremacy which henry accepted
  • cromwell took advantage of the anti clericalism to put pressure on the pope such as the supplication against the ordinaries ( 1532 )
• • popular protestantism began to flourish - simon fish 'a supplication for the beggers ' (1529 ) criticised the wealth and corruption of the church
  • this was a pamphlet supported by anne
  • between 1534 and 1538 cromwells changes and preaching campaign spread protestantism
  • protestantism became popular in london which is 1/5 of the population and the south east
  • reformists in court influence declined after the fall of cromwell in 1540
• protestantism under Edward VI

  • the repeal of the act of 6 articles and laws controlling the censorship of books ( 1547 ) saw 159 radical protestant works being published
  • belief in purgatory had been reduced so the chantaries were dissolved without opposition in 1547
  • after the western revolt in 1549 there was no further unrest
  • Englands churches were protestant by 1553
• protestantism under Edward VI

  • in sussex 40 % of the gentry remained catholic
  • the north remained catholic
  • in london 1/3 of the clergy took a wife but in lancashire was just 10 %
• the growth and significance of puritans during Elizabeth's reign

  • puritans wanted to work within the structure and liturgy of the church of England i.e. Edmund grinda
  • others rejected this and wanted the bible as sole authority , simpler churches , changes to the doctrine and a Calvinist system
  • the puritans attempted to introduce 6 articles to reform the church ( 1563 ) but were defeated
• the growth and significance of puritanism - liz reign

  • puritan clergy caused the debate over the issues of clerical vestments
  • 1665 the archbishop of Canterbury ordered the bishops to conform to the queens demands but in 1566 had to issue the advertisements ordering all clergy to wear the appropriate vestments -and 110 of them London clergy to appear at lambert dressed in the appropriate clothing( 37 refused and were suspended )
  • 1571 puritans tried to introduce the alphabet bills to improve clerical standard - Liz prevented these but but allowed the 39 articles to become law
• the growth and significance of puritanism - liz reign

  • from the 1570s prophesying occurred and was put to an end in 1576 by Liz
  • she threatened imprisonment of those engaging in prophesying and tighter controls were threatened to the puritans with the three articles in 1583 requiring an oath for the royal supremacy and others
  • 300 clergymen in Canterbury were suspended for refusing to take it
  • southern England had become more puritan , - 38 land owners complained about the lack of preaching in Kent and leading members from gentry had become puritan
• the growth and significance of puritanism - Liz

  • English bible went through 130 editions and 100 catechisms
• Henry vii and the end of papal power

  • henry vii was a catholic - wrote the defense of the seven sacraments in 1521
  • as his marriage to Catherine had produced no sons , he used Leviticus ( old testament ) he argues that his marriage was invalid due to Catherine previously being married to his brother
  • henry wanted to marry Anne and annulment proceedings began in 1527
  • this was not possible to the sack of Rome and imprisonment of the pope
  • in 1528-29 an annulment trial was held before Wolsey and cardinal Campeggio ( who then adjourned it )
• Henry vii and the end of papal power

  • the collectanea satis copiosa ( 1530 ) found English precedents for royal supremacy
  • henry began attacking the popes legal and financial powers
  • 1532 Cromwell produced the supplication against ordinaries ( a parliament complaint about clerical abuses
  • 1532 Cranmer was appointed archbishop of Canterbury
  • 1533 henry married Anne and soon after his marriage was annulled
  • the act of restraint of appeals meant she could not appeal to the pope
• end of papal power in England

  • 1536 parliament passed an act to dissolve the smaller monasteries worth less than 200 a year
  • 1539 the larger monasteries were dissolved 1.3 million was raised but 2/3 of the land was then sold
  • 1536 the act of 10 articles reduced the number of sacraments to 3
  • Cromwell issued 2 injunctions to the clergy 1536 and 39 to remove superstitious practices ( relics and pilgrimages )
  • 1539 henry authorized the English great bible
• examples of henry still having catholic faith

  • the bishops book of 1537 restored the lost sacraments
  • 1539 the act of six articles reinforced catholic doctrines such as transubstantiation
  • the kings book 1543 rejected 'faith alone'
  • however reformers still existed at court i.e. Catherine parr
• Religious changes under Edward

  • edward was raised Protestant
  • changes began in 1547 with the publication of Cranmers book of homilies
  • and injunctions were issued to remove images from churches
  • the act of 6 articles was repealed
  • the act for the dissolution of the chanteries was passed
  • 1549 the first act of uniformity introduced the new English book of common prayer and priests could marry
• changes under Edward p2

  • 1550 parish churches were ordered to surrender all catholic service books
  • 1552 the second act of uniformity introduced a second book of common prayer - denied the real presence and required alters to be replaced with wooden tables also the clergy had to wear plain vestments
  • 1553 Cranmer published the 42 articles clarifying the English faith as Calvinist Protestant
• religious changes under Mary

  • Mary had a strong catholic faith and wanted to restore the church to Rome
  • 1553 she imprisoned prominent Protestant bishops ( Cranmer )
  • her decision to marry catholic Philip of Spain led to wyatts rebellion ( 1554 )
  • in 1554 all religious laws passed since 1529 were repealed but former church lands would not be returned
  • new catholic bishops appointed and catholic literature
  • 800 Protestants went into exile
  • between 1556- 58 around 300 Protestants were burned
• Continuation of Mary and Edward religious changes

  • 98 Protestant works were published
• the elizabethan compromise of 1588- 63

  • many hoped liz would reform the church along puritan lines but this risked invasion from catholic countries or rebellion in England
  • her religious views were a mix of traditional and Protestant
  • she wanted to compromise on religion
• The Elizabethan compromise of 1558 to 1563

  • 1559 parliament met and the lords rejected a bill ( royal supremacy and a Protestant religious settlement
  • a debate between the two sides led to a Protestant victory and imprisonment of two bishops
  • The treaty of cateau cambresis reduced the risk of french invasion
  • 1559 act of supremacy sating Elizabeth as the supreme governor of the English church
  • the uniformity bill was also passed over the prayer book and the wearing of traditional vestments also a fine to those who who didn’t attend service
• The Elizabethan compromise

  • nearly all Marys bishops resigned and were replaced by Protestants
  • only 300 of the 8000 clergy men refused to take the oath of supremacy
  • the clergy had to wear traditional vestiments
  • 1563 39 articles of faith but article 29 came out in 1571 which denied the real presence
  • puritans attempted to introduce 6 articles to reform the church but this was denied
• Popular attitudes to Catholicism

  • until 1530s Catholicism was the main religion
  • catholics believed that after they died their soul would spend time in purgatory but they could reduce this whilst on earth - people participated in the sacraments , bought indulgences
  • Saints days were celebrated
  • pulpits in churches were used for preaching to spread the importance of the catholic faith
• The extent of religious changes 1529 - 36

  • Henrys top down changes affected the appearance , liturgy and the doctrines of local churches
  • from 1534 denying the royal supremacy was punishable by death - victims include Thomas Moore 1535 and 1534 holy maid of Kent
  • all clergymen had to take an oath renouncing the pope
  • cromwells preaching campaign 1534 reinforced these messages
  • from 15355 relics were destroyed and indulgences discouraged
  • act of 10 articles 1536 ordered that children learnt the Lord’s Prayer in English
• The extent of religious changes 1529 - 36

  • Many feast days were removed
  • the dissolution of the smaller monasteries attacked superstition and the worship of saints and images
  • popular reaction was the pilgrimage of grace
  • Cromwells campaign against purgatory was opposed by the bishop of London
  • 85 percent of wills made in London were still using traditional catholic references ie saints and prayers for the soul
• the survival of Catholicism in the regions

  • move towards more radical Protestantism in Edward's reign
  • western revolt 1549 was triggered by the new prayer book and the rebels demanded a return to the 6 articles
  • 1552 morebath in Devon concealed the priests traditional vestments showing passive resistance
  • Catholicism faced increasing pressure in liz reign though it still survived ( especially in north ) - kept moderate doctrine with 1559 settlement an d 39 articles
• The survival of catholicism in the regions

  • recusants exsited 740 in york
  • was not enough educacted Protestant clergy and catholic priests remained active as tutors or chaplains after being deprived of their posts
  • some parishioners in Berkshire were still receiving communion in both kinds ( 1584 )
• The survival of Catholicism in the regions - liz reign

  • survived in north
  • she kept doctrine moderate with 1559 settlement and 39 articles (1563) so papists outwardly conformed
  • 304 recusants in Lancashire in 1578
  • 740 in Yorkshire in 1582
  • there were not enough educated Protestant clergy to begin with so catholic priests remained active as tutors or chaplains after being deprived of there posts - 150 in Yorkshire in 60s/70s
• Recusancy and Jesuit missions in Elizabeth’s reign

  • non attendance at the Church of England were punishable by a fine of 1 shilling ( act of uniformity 1559 )
  • wealthy catholics could afford to pay this as the government initially turned a blind eye
  • the political situation changed this , mary ( 1568) , loss of relationship With Spain , revolt of northern earls (1569)
  • but most catholics remained loyal to Elizabeth
• jesuits

  • Began to arrive in 1574 from abroad ( 800 )
  • one cuthbert mayne was captured and executed ( 1577)
  • somebecame involved in plots to replace Elizabeth with Mary - Ridolfi plot 1571
  • was made treason to bring the bull off excommunication into England ( 1571 )
  • 1581 liz agreed to stricter laws against recusants and the fine was increased to £20 a month and the treason act was strengthened
  • Throckmorton plot to put Mary on the throne this led to an act against the catholic priests and ordered them to leave the country inn 40 days or executed for treason
• recusancy in Liz regin

  • babbington plot - 1586 leda to Mary's execution in 1587
  • 1580 half missionary priests were working in Essex London and Thames valley
  • 40% of known recusants lived in north
• the role of the catholic nobility

  • The support of the catholic nobility and gentry allowed catholicism to survive in England
  • examples include Thomas Percy
  • many protected missionary priests particularly in the north -75 % of leading families of Yorkshire were catholic (1560s )
  • two catholic priests helped place fellow priests in the households of sympathetic gentry and nobility (William Weston , Henry Garnet )
  • they would only act as chaplains rather than community priests