Key topic 4

• The significance Of wool and cloth industries

  • by 1500 manufactures produced there own cloth - this trade grew largely in the Tudor period
  • it was sold to merchants abroad
  • the industry grew in regions to access with raw materials and labour ie Kent
  • English cloth exports to europe increased from 55,000 cloths to 130,000 cloths
  • cloth exports brought in 750,000 a year under Elizabeth , when 90 % of the trade was done via London merchants
  • the revaluation of the coinage ( 1551 -52) led to a temporary decline in profits
• the development of ‘new draperies’ from the 1560s

  • Immigrant Dutch cloth weavers developed new lighter wear fabrics - was cheaper and colourful compared to traditional English cloth
  • They sold in the Mediterranean markets and didnt last as long to the Demand increased for replacements
  • the new draperies required large amounts of labour providing opportunities for workers
• the development of new draperies - silk

  • silk workers arrived in London in the 70s
  • introduced starch making used for ruffs and was sold by Elizabeth as a monopoly in the 1580s
  • new draperies allowed the cloth trade to diversify to new textiles
  • by the end of the 16th century new draperies brought in £250,000 per annum
• The impact of the migration of textiles workers

  • Arrived in the 1560s from abroad but were viewed with suspicion despite this they were welcomed by the government as they were highly skilled
  • they settled across the south and east ie Maidstone
  • in Maidstone they created a new industry making linen thread
  • many ordinary people started wearing linen over woollen clothes
  • the impact was only felt in the south / east as beyond there was no real changes to the cloth industry
• the role of London as a market for goods

  • largest city in England - 60,000 in Henry’s reign and 100,000 by 1570
  • London needed supplies from other regions to feed its population
  • cattle were sold at Smithfield market
  • flowers dairy vegetables were sold at cornhil and cheapside markets
  • noble families built houses e.g Somerset house
  • the monarch was based at Whitehall or Hampton court
  • this led to the demand for exotic and luxury goods
• role of London as a market

  • improvements to the navigation of the Thames in the 1540s meant london bEgan to overtake the trade of other ports ie Bristol
  • London was the Center for manufacturing
  • the main trades were organised into 12 guilds where they sold goods
  • the merchant adventures had a monopoly on the export of cloth
  • the wealthiest merchants dominated trade but also Londons social and political life
• the consequences of exploration for trade

  • led to new markets - 1555 the Russian Muscovy company
  • 1550s English cloth for sugar from morocco
  • 1581 traded lead and tin for exotic goods from turkey
  • privateers challenged the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly on trade which led to violet confrontations
  • john Hawkins transported slaves in 1562 - start of the triangle trade
  • Francis drake circumnavigated the globe 1577- 80 , he established trade with Asia which led to the east India company in 1600
  • the first English colonies in North America were in Virginia named after Elizabeth in 1585 - failed
• Increase in population

  • population rose from 2.26 million to 3.89 million in 1591
  • the death rate was high before 1500
  • as the population recovered it led to a better standard of living which meant the marriage age dropped and the birth rate increased
  • exceptions were 1555-59 with poor harvests and influenza epidemic - population dropped by 6%
  • the population rose rapidly under Elizabeth with stable social and economic conditions - death rate below 2.68% of the population
  • the increasing population from the 1570s led to a lack of resources and increased level of poverty
• the impact of the closure of the monasteries

  • the crown acquired former monistic lands worth 1.3 million
  • Cromwell set up the court of augmentation 1536 to deal with incoming lands money and treasure
  • 2/3 of the land was sold off to fund henrys wars in the 1540s
  • the nobility and gentry benefited as they bought this land
  • found 6 new bishoprics using former monastic lands and buildings e.g Chester
  • monastary staff were given pensions ie monks £5 a year
  • 7000 monks and nuns had to find a new life - henry said that nuns could not break the vow of chastity so they could not find husbands
• impact of the monasteries p2

  • Culturally the buildings were destroyed ie libraries
  • school and hospitals that were attached were lost
  • the dissolution increased the hardships of the poor particularly in the north which was a cause of the pilgrimage of grace
• the spread of enclosure and its effects on the rural population

  • land was divided and used to farm crops and graze animals on
  • the practice of enclosure led to higher profits of the land as the landlords could rear sheep
  • practices also include deliberately raising rents to force tenants out
  • Contemporaries such as Thomas Moore blamed enclosure for the growth of poverty , it did cause hardships as the poor were forced out of there homes and into poverty
• The spread and effects on enclosure

  • Some Government action was taken ie Wolsey had an enquiry into illegal enclosures in 1517 , as did the Duke of sommerset in 1548 , also a tax on sheep was introduced in 1549
  • after 1551 the cloth trade suffered a decline so land owners turned to farming crops which meant enclosure wasn’t as bad
  • enclosure was no the root cause of poverty but was a source of discontent ie ketts rebellion 1549
• the impact of growing urbanisation

  • towns were prone to de population ie Coventry feel by 2,500
  • towns fell due to , growth of the cloth industry , growth of London , disease spread quick - 1579 Norwich's population fell due to plague
  • Tudor governments passed acts 1530s and 40s ordering town authorities to re build derelict properties
  • the situation recovered from the 1550s as towns beniftied from the new trading routes in the Atlantic
  • the cloth trades of towns were revived by migrant Dutch workers
• the impact of growing urbanisation

  • people migrated to towns to find work - over 1000 apprentices migrated from the west country to Bristol
  • gentry families bought town houses
  • some towns developed specialisms e.g coal trade in Newcastle
  • there was a large gap between the wealthy and poorer majority , the statute of artificers of 1563 ordered ups to set maximum rates for wages
• the growing professional classes : church men and lawyers

  • those who worked in the church had received an education usually at a grammar school
  • clergymen may be employed as parish priests or as private tutors , some may rise higher in teaching or enter the royal service
  • the growth of law courts created a demand for trained lawyers
  • judges and barristers raised from 10 - 85 between 1510 and 1569 that worked in the central courts
  • mps in parliament had an increased legal education rising from 140 in 1563 to 253
• the growing professional classes : doctors

  • the profession of a doctor also grew
  • royal college of physicians was founded by the crown in 1518 to licence physicians and punish those practicing illegally
• the impact of the growth of grammar schools and universities

  • gs were originally designed to teach Latin to boys who planned a career in the church the curriculum was gradually widened
  • 1509 the first grammar school based on humanist ideas was founded
  • by 1530 there were 124 grammar schools in England
  • in Elizabeth’s reign 136 grammar schools were founded
  • girls from nobility/gentry were educated at home but due to the renaissance some girls were educated to a high standard , was more focused on how to run a household
• the impact of the growth of grammar schools and universities

  • At oxford the number of students increased from 1,150 in 1550 to around 2000
  • to improve the universities a tutorial system was created ie trinity college was founded in 1554
  • 1550 illiteracy rates were 80% for men and 90% for women , by 1600 these rates had dropped to 72% and 92%
  • although they were open to all only merchants and gentry benefited
  • school attendance was not compulsory and many of the poor needed their children to work at home so there was often little opportunity to attend school
  • girls could not go
• The impact of the printing press

  • the first printing press was introduced in England by William Caxton in 1476
  • in 1520-29 around 800 books were publishes
  • by 1558 the number of books published had risen to 1,800 per decade
  • 1529 the first list of censored books was created
  • 1538 the censorship laws extended to secular as well as religious books
  • 1557 the stationers was founded - it was a monopaly on licenced presses in return for monitoring and preventing unlicensed printing
• the impact of the printing press

  • the government faced problems from the European printing press which produced a large number of books
  • from 1521 books with lutheran ideas had arrived in London
  • during Mary’s reign the protestant exiles used foreign printing presses to publish at least 98 books of propaganda
  • protestants under Edward and Elizabeth also used tracts to spread their ideas ie the Geneva bible in 1560 which went through 300 editions
  • it was not just used for religious publications and literacy increased so did peoples want to read
• the impact of religious change on culture

  • before the reformation there was a lack of English culture
  • English literature was not widely read or published as it was seen as inferior to Latin
  • the development of the supremacy created a new sense of nationalism
  • Henry’s ideas that England was an empire increased the amount of English nationalism
  • anti - Spanish and catholic propaganda under Elizabeth heightened the sense of nationalism
• the impact of religious change on culture

  • the increase led to an increased emphasis on the use of the English language - Protestant reformers encouraged the translation of church services and the bible so the language became more valued
  • the use of english became compulsory in legal businesses
  • with the end of the Catholic Church came the end of a culture - the highly decorated churches were either destroyed or painted over ie crucifixes removed
  • many traditional holy days were banned
• patronage and the development of drama , music and poetry

  • the arts were largely dependent on the patronage of the monarch and nobility ie would pay for their talents
  • most artists came from Europe - hans Holbein was Henry’s court painter , Levi teerlinc under Mary and Eliz
  • Nicholas Hilliard was the first English miniaturist and worked under Elizabeth
  • the monarchy and nobility sponsored a troup of actors who provide entertainment
  • Spenser who wrote the faire queen in 1590
  • Elizabeth employed around 60 musicians which encouraged the development of music
• the significance of royal and nobloe patronage

  • Patronage had significance — allowed monarchs to control popular images and spread propaganda ie public tournaments
  • holbein used his talents to project the correct image of kingship ie large mural at the palace of Whitehall
  • Hillards role was to project the correct image of Elizabeth ie the mask of youth
  • it filled a gap that was left by the church after the reformation
  • musician Tallis was sponsored by all Tudor monarchs
  • the sponsership of poets and actors led to new styles ie sonnets and new plays
  • people could experiment
• developments in drama , music , poetry

  • developments in drama were influenced by the reformation and humanism which moved plays beyond medieval morality plays
  • the first theatre opened in 1576
  • the wealthy spectators were seated or the poor could stand for a penny
  • the renaissance influenced music , the reformation saw musical pieces become shorter and planer
  • under Edward vI English was used in music but Elizabeth used both English and Latin
• the developed of architecture

  • henry build extravagant palaces ie Hampton court and nonsuch palace
  • the nobility built large extravagant country hones from the 1570s called prodigy houses
  • the basic houses of the lower classes changed as well
  • the average number of rooms increased from3 to 4-5
  • wealthier families built a second floor and included a fireplace or chimney
• the impact of the cult of gloriana

  • the cult of Gloriana was developed in 1570
  • it is the worship of Elizabeth and a form of propaganda
  • the faerie queen in Spencer's poem symbolised Elizabeth
  • it emerged due to political instability and her being female and childless
  • celebrated the queens accession day
  • the virgin queen was propaganda as her virginity was emphasised as a positive in protecting England
  • country love developed because humanists linked the idea of her being loved by her subjects and remaining above corruption
  • poets believed she was a goddess to bring about a golden age