biology unit 2 - multicellular organisms

• the nucleus is the control center of the cell
• the cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out specific functions
• organelles are tiny structures within cells that perform specialized tasks
• What is the basic unit of life?

  The cell
• What type of organism is a human being?

  A multicellular organism
• What does the nucleus of most cells contain?

  Two matching sets of chromosomes
• What is the diploid chromosome complement in humans?

  46
• What are genes composed of?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  It contains the diploid chromosome complement
• What is a gene?

  A unit of genetic information found on a chromosome
• What is a chromosome?

  A structure in which genes are composed and positioned
• What is the process of cell division called that produces new cells?

  • Mitosis
  • The nucleus of parent cells divides
  • Cytoplasm is split into two
• What happens to the DNA of a parent cell before mitosis?

  It is copied exactly in a process called DNA replication
• What do chromosomes appear as after DNA replication?

  A double structure made up of two chromatids
• What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?

  It pulls sister chromatids apart
• What do chromatids form at the poles of the spindle during mitosis?

  New nuclei
• Why are daughter cells identical to the parent cell?

  Because they have an exact copy of the parent cell’s genetic information
• What is the importance of mitosis?

  • Ensures daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells
  • Each cell has the information needed to carry out its function
  • Maintains similarity among body cells
• What does cell specialization allow in multicellular organisms?

  The production of different types of cells for various functions
• What is a sperm cell specialized for?

  Carrying half the genetic information and propelling towards the egg
• What is a muscle cell specialized for?

  Increasing its length to help movement
• What is a living tissue?

  • A group of cells with the same structure and function
  • Work together to perform a specific task
  • Examples: muscle, xylem, phloem
• What do cells that do the same job form in animals?

  Tissues
• What do cells that do the same job form in plants?

  Tissues
• What is an example of a specialized cell in animals?

  Red blood cell
• What is the function of a red blood cell?

  To carry oxygen around the body
• What is the function of a root hair cell?

  To absorb water and nutrients from the soil
• What is the correct organization in multicellular organisms?

  Cells, Tissues, Organs
• What type of cells are undifferentiated and can turn into other cell types?

  Stem cells
• What is one advantage of using undifferentiated cells from embryos?

  They have the potential to develop into any cell type
• What is one disadvantage of using undifferentiated cells from embryos?

  Ethical concerns regarding embryo use
• What is one other source of undifferentiated cells besides embryos?

  Adult tissues
• What is a potential use for undifferentiated cells?

  Tissue regeneration and repair
• What is a young fat cell called?

  Young fat cell
• What type of cells are stem cells?

  Stem cells
• What is a primitive blood cell?

  Primitive blood cell
• What type of blood cells are red blood cells?

  Red blood cells
• What are platelets?


  Platelets
• What type of cells are white blood cells?

  White blood cells
• What are elastic fibre cells?

  Elastic fibre cells