Paper 1

• What is the largest structure inside an animal cell?

  The nucleus
• What is the function of ribosomes in an animal cell?

  To carry out protein synthesis
• What is the role of mitochondria in an animal cell?

  It is where aerobic respiration occurs
• What is the function of the cell membrane in an animal cell?

  To control the entry and exit of substances
• What are the additional structures found in plant cells that are not in animal cells?

  Chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cell walls
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  To absorb light energy for photosynthesis
• What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?

  To support the cell structure
• What type of cells are both plant and animal cells classified as?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What does the term 'prokaryotic' mean?

  Cells that do not have a nucleus
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

  It is made of cellulose
• What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

  A bacterial cell
• Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is the function of the flagellum in some bacterial cells?

  To aid in movement
• What is the function of plasmids in bacterial cells?

  They often contain useful genes like antibiotic resistance
• What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles
• What is a similarity between plant cells and prokaryotic cells?

  Both have a cell wall
• What are specialized cells?

  Cells that change their size, shape, and structures to perform specific functions
• What is an example of a specialized plant cell?

  Root hair cell
• What is the function of root hair cells?

  To absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
• What are the two types of specialized cells in plants that transport substances?

  Xylem and phloem
• What is the function of sperm cells?

  To swim to the egg for fertilization
• What is the role of nerve cells?

  To transmit electrical impulses across long distances
• Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria?

  To provide energy for contraction
• What is cell differentiation?

  The process where cells become specialized for specific functions
• What are undifferentiated cells called?

  Stem cells
• What is the difference in differentiation between plant and animal cells?

  Plant cells can differentiate throughout their life, while animal cells cannot
• What is therapeutic cloning used for?

  To produce embryonic stem cells genetically identical to a patient
• What are some ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cells?

  Concerns about consent and potential life
• What is diffusion?

  The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• What is the purpose of using a microscope?

  To magnify images of small structures
• How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope?

  By dividing the image size by the actual size of the object
• What is the maximum detail visible with a light microscope?

  About 1,500 times magnification
• What is the advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

  They have higher magnification and resolution
• What is the first step in preparing a microscope slide with onion cells?

  Add a drop of water to the slide
• Why do we stain cells when preparing a microscope slide?

  To make the structures inside the cells visible
• What should you do after placing the cover slip on the stained tissue?

  Put the slide onto the stage of the microscope
• What is the purpose of using the coarse focus wheel at low power?

  To focus the image so it is no longer blurry
• What is the process by which bacteria divide?

  Binary fission
• What is the formula to calculate the number of bacteria after several divisions?

  Number of bacteria = initial amount × $2^{\text{number of divisions}}$
• What conditions are necessary for bacteria to grow successfully?

  Enough nutrients, oxygen, and the right temperature