Social Theories

• Sociology 


  Interactions and interdependence

  They way people live in communities
• Social Processes 


  How society progresses through social interactions
• Society 


  An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
• Impact of Sport on Society

  Success as a nation is viewed as an important feature of society
• Socialisation


  Learning behaviour and attitudes from others
• Primary Socialisation 


  Early years of life where internalisation takes place

  Influenced by family and friends

  Expectations and behaviour patterns are taught
• Secondary Socialisation


  Occurs after Primary Socialisation

  Other social factors such as school friends enforce a moral and ethical code
• Social Control


  The way in which people's thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in society
• Social Change 


  An alteration in the social order of society

  Institutions re-adjust and make change to meet the needs of society
• Social Inequality

  The unfair solution where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within society

  Can cause Social Issues

  Social Issues - problems that affect people within society

  Split between Gender, Race and Economic inequality
• Barriers to Participation in Sport

  Lack of money / costs of participation

  Lack of confidence or self esteem

  Lack of role models

  Stereotypes and myths
• Social Stratification

  A type of social inequality which splits society into layers based on factors such as wealth or status

  The minority gain the majority of opportunities and vice versa
• Social Class


  A term which describes and defines social inequalities
• Social Action Theory

  A way of viewing socialisation and emphasising social action or change

  Sport involvement progresses and advances the relationships in society
• The Interactionist Approach


  Sport shapes and impacts society

  Physical activity is a positive way of impacting society

  Sports brings challenge and encourages morality and communal integrity
• Equal Opportunities 


  The right to access the same opportunities regardless of factors such as race, age, sex and physical capability
• Prejudice


  To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual based on inadequate facts

  Negatively impacts people of different backgrounds
• Discrimination 


  The unfair treatment of a person or minority group by making a distinct act of prejudice
• Overt Discrimination


  Visible or obvious use of prejudicial discrimination
• Covert Discrimination


  Hidden or not obvious acts of discrimination
• Stereotyping 


  A standardised image which makes a simple generalisation about all members of a group which allows others to categorise and treat them accordingly
• Sport England's Policy on Participation

  Emphasis on equal opportunities for all

  Work to develop a culture to ensure involvement

  Creates an environment in which people can play, compete, coach, volunteer and run community sport

  Overcome barriers and increases participation
• National Partners - Disability

  Inclusive sports to build on investments and offer expertise for disability

  Funding schemes which provide performers which equipment and facilities

  Introduction of organisations which aid participation
• National Partners - Women

  Introduce programs to improve participation

  Highlight role models who can increase visibility for the sport

  Increase funding to programs
• National Partners - Ethnic Minorities 


  Invest money to aid communities and increase sport involvement

  'Sporting Equals' aids in participation
• National Partners for Disability

  'Get Equipped'

  'British Blind Sport'

  'Mencap Sport'
• National Partners for Women

  'I Will If You Will'

  'This Girl Can'

  'Breeze'

  'Us Girls'
• Social Reasons for Doping

  The 'Win At All Costs' attitude

  Fame and fortune attached to success

  High levels of pressure to win from media and sponsors

  Lack of effective deterrents

  Poor role models
• Psychological Reasons for Doping

  Beta blockers steady nerves for fine sports

  Steroids increase aggression

  Stimulants help athletes struggling with confidence
• Anabolic Steroids 


  Produce artificial hormones

  Aid storage of protein and improve muscle development and strength
• Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids

  Liver Damage

  Immune System Problems

  Behaviour Changes (paranoia and aggression)

  Heart issues
• Beta Blockers 


  Calm and relax an individual by preventing adrenaline from taking hold

  Improves accuracy and prevents anxiety

  Useful for precision / fine sports
• Side Effects of Beta Blockers

  Tiredness

  A Lower Heart Rate

  Reduced Aerobic Capacity
• EPO's (Erythropoietin)


  Hormone which promotes blood cell production at the kidneys

  Improves aerobic capacity and muscular endurance

  Used for long distance or endurance performers
• Side Effects of EPO's

  Blood Clots

  Stroke

  Rare cases of deaths
• WADA


  The World Wide Anti-Doping Agency

  Manages and enforces the prevention of athletes taking illegal substances
• UKAD


  The United Kingdom Anti-Doping Agency

  Protect UK sports from drugs and doping

  Work with athletes and staff to educate and threaten

  Invest in drug testing technology

  Work in partnership with WADA and NGB's
• Strategies to Eliminating PED's in Sport

  Create a drug free culture through education

  Bring together organisations to combat drugs

  Harshly punish performers caught cheating

  Invest in new technology

  Shame negative role models

  Lose funding and sponsors
• Drugs Should be Legalised 


  Battle against drugs is expensive and time consuming

  Difficult to define what a drug is

  Easy to access so hard to eliminate

  Athletes don't ask to be role models

  Accidental consumption of drugs

  Testing agencies always behind

  Doping sports are more entertaining
• Drugs Should Remain Illegal


  Health risk and danger to life

  Negative image for role models

  Gives an unfair advantage

  A fundamental form of cheating

  Only certain athletes can afford PED's

  Is illegal