Carbohydrates, lipids, tryglicerides and fats

• What is meant by carbohydrate?


  Hydrated carbon
• What are the three main elements that create carbohydrates?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• What are the monomers that make up carbohydrates called?

  Monosaccharides
• How many carbons does glucose have?

  6
• What is the formula for glucose?

  C6 H12 O6
• What are the two forms of glucose?

  Alpha and beta glucose.
• what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

  The H and OH groups bonded with Carbon 1 is flipped in Beta glucose so that the OH bond is on top
• What type of carbohydrate is ribose?

  Pentose
• What type of carbohydrate is glucose?

  Hexose
• How are monosaccharides bonded together when forming a polysaccharide?

  Glycosidic bonds.
• What happens during the synthesis of a glycosidic bond?

  During the condensation reaction, a hydrogen from one of the monosaccharides bonds with the hydroxyl group (OH) of the second monosaccharide, this releases a molecule of water.
• What are the properties of monosaccharides?

  Simple sugars, soluble in water, sweet taste, can be classified based on the number of carbon atoms, can exist in linear or ring forms.
• What are the propeties of polysaccharides?

  Complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar units. They are insoluble in water and serve as energy storage and structural components in organisms.
• What are the monosaccharides that make maltose?

  Glucose and glucose.
• What are the monosaccharides that make sucrose?

  Glucose and fructose.
• What are the monosaccharides that make lactose?

  Glucose and galactose.
• What is the main energy storage material in plants?

  Starch
• Why is starch the main energy source material in plants?

  Starch is insoluable- Doesnt impact osmosis

  Good for storage
• What are the polysaccharides that form starch?

  Amylose and amylopectin.
• Describe the structure of amylose?

  Amylose is a long and unbranched chain of alpha glucose. The angle of the glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure. The coiled structure of the glycosidic bonds make amylose very compact.
• Describe the structure o amylopectin?

  Amylopectin is a long, branched chain of alpha glucose. It's side branches allow enzymes to break down the molecule to access the glycosidic bonds easier, making it easier to release the glucose.
• describe the structure of a tryglyceride?

  Glycerol backbone with three fatty acid chains attached.
• what bonds connect fatty acids and the glycerol group in a tryglyceride?

  Ester bonds.
• Describe the structure of a phospholipid?

  Phospholipids have a phosphate group and two fatty acids
• What happens to the boiling point in saturated fats, and why?

  The boiling point of saturated fats increases because they have stronger intermolecular forces.
• How do phospholipids make cell membranes?

  phospholipids assemble into two layers because of these hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The phosphate heads in each layer face the aqueous or watery environment on either side, and the tails hide away from the water between the layers of heads, because they are hydrophobic.