behavioural approach to explaining phobias: The 2-proc model

• What does the two-process model propose about phobias?

  Phobias develop through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning.
• How does classical conditioning explain the development of phobias?

  A neutral stimulus (e.g., dogs) is associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., being bitten), leading to a conditioned fear response.
• What is fear generalisation in phobias?

  The fear spreads to similar objects or situations, making the phobia more widespread.
• How does operant conditioning maintain phobias?

  Avoiding the phobic stimulus negatively reinforces the fear by removing anxiety, preventing fear extinction.
• What supporting evidence strengthens the two-process model?

  Little Albert’s study showed how a neutral stimulus (white rat) became a conditioned phobic stimulus through association with a loud noise. Fear generalisation also occurred.
• Why does the Little Albert study support the two-process model?

  It shows that phobias can develop through classical conditioning, adding credibility to the explanation.
• What is a limitation of the two-process model regarding traumatic experiences?

  It is environmentally reductionist, assuming all phobias come from stimulus-response learning, but 50% of people bitten by dogs do not develop a phobia.
• How do cognitive factors challenge the two-process model?

  Pre-existing positive or negative schemas may influence phobia development, suggesting cognitive factors also play a role.
• How does the nature vs. nurture debate challenge the two-process model?

  It focuses too much on nurture, ignoring evolutionary predispositions (e.g., fear of snakes for survival).
• What does the evolutionary explanation suggest about phobias?

  Some phobias may be biologically hardwired rather than learned, questioning the credibility of the two-process model.
• How has the two-process model contributed to treating phobias?

  It led to systematic desensitisation (counterconditioning) and flooding (preventing avoidance behavior)
• Why do effective phobia treatments support the two-process model?

  If treatments based on the model work, the explanation itself must have scientific merit.