evolution

• What is the environment of evolutionary adaptiveness (EEA)?

  The EEA refers to the time frame and environment where adaptive behaviors evolved, approximately 10,000 to 5 million years ago.
• How are adaptive behaviors passed down through generations?

  Adaptive behaviors are passed down through genetic transmission from one generation to the next.
• Why was aggression beneficial for our ancestors?

  Aggression helped ancestors survive by establishing hierarchical dominance within a group.
• What role does sexual selection play in aggression according to evolutionary explanations?

  Sexual selection favors behaviors that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction.
• How does aggression affect social status in ancestral groups?

  Higher aggression led to higher status in social groups, resulting in greater access to resources and mates.
• What is one reason males may display aggression according to evolutionary theory?

  Males may display aggression to deter other males from stealing their females.
• What are the two aggressive strategies proposed by Daly and Wilson for mate retention?

  The two strategies are aggressive direct guarding and intersexual negative inducements.
• What are the characteristics of aggressive direct guarding and intersexual negative inducements?

  • Aggressive direct guarding: Restricting a partner's freedom to prevent access by other males.
  • Intersexual negative inducements: Threatening physical violence to deter interest in other males.
• What is a limitation of the ethological theory regarding aggression?

  The ethological theory suggests aggression is universal, ignoring individual differences and free will.
• How do gender differences manifest in aggressive behavior according to the study material?

  More males engage in physical aggression, while females tend to use verbal aggression.
• Why might a female with offspring be less aggressive?

  Because aggressive behavior could endanger her own survival and that of her child.
• What is the evolutionary understanding of bullying as an adaptive behavior?

  Bullying is seen as a behavior that provides advantages, which can inform effective anti-bullying measures.
• What do Rigby and Volk et al. suggest about anti-bullying interventions?

  • Rigby: Bullying is maladaptive and can be addressed by focusing on the bully's deficiencies.
  • Volk et al.: Interventions should increase the costs of bullying and rewards for prosocial behavior.
• How can competitive sports be used as an anti-bullying strategy?

  Encouraging bullies to compete aggressively but fairly in sports allows them to display strength positively.
• What cultural differences exist regarding aggression according to the study material?

  Cultural attitudes towards aggression vary, with some cultures discouraging it and others accepting it as necessary for status.
• How do the Kung San and Yanomamo cultures differ in their views on aggression?

  The Kung San discourage aggression, while the Yanomamo accept it as necessary for gaining status.
• What is the impact of aggression on status in the Kung San culture?

  Aggressive behavior is rare and leads to diminished status and reputation.
• How is aggression viewed in the Yanomamo culture?

  Aggression is accepted and required for gaining status in their society.