key concepts

• Eukaryote - nucleus / plants + animals
• Prokaryote - no nucleus / bacteria
• plant / animal cell

  • CELL MEMBRANE - protects / controls what enters + leaves cell
  • RIBOSOMES - protein synthesis
  • NUCLEUS - contains genetic material
  • MITOCHONDRIA - carry out aerobic respiration / releases energy
  • CYTOPLASM - chemical reaction happens
• plant cells

  • CELL WALL - provides strength - made of cellulose
  • VACUOLE - supports cell / contained cell sap
  • CHLOROPLASTS - site of photosynthesis
• Bacterial cell

  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • no nucleus
  • flagellum
  • ribosomes
  • plasmid
• Enzymes - biological catalysts
• Factors effecting rate

  • PH
  • Temperature
• when optimum PH/Temperature is exceeded the enzyme denatures so the active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer fit
• Digestive enzymes

  • Amylase - breaks down starch - glucose
  • Protease - breaks down proteins - amino acids
  • Lipase - breaks down lipids - fatty acids / glycerol
• Food tests - sugar

  • Benidict solution
  • positive - red
  • negative - blue
• Food tests - starch

  • Iodine
  • positive - blue / black
  • negative - brown / orange
• Food tests - protein

  • Buiret
  • positive - lilac
  • negative - blue
• Food tests - lipids

  • Ethanol
  • positive - cloudy
  • negative - clear
• Transport - osmosis

  • water
  • high to low concentration
  • across semi-permiable membrane
• Transport - diffusion

  • particles
  • high to low concentration
  • across semi-permiable membrane
• Transport - Active transport

  • low to high concentration
  • across a semi-permiable membrane
  • against concentration gradient
  • requires energy