elizabethan

• What year did Elizabeth I become queen of England?

  1558
• How old was Elizabeth I when she became queen?

  25 years old
• What was the first major problem Elizabeth faced as queen?

  Religious conflict
• Why was religious conflict a significant issue for Elizabeth in 1558?

  It was a source of division and chaos in England
• What major event occurred before Elizabeth's reign that highlighted religious conflict?

  300 Protestants were burned at the stake by Queen Mary I
• What was the religious status of the Church of England during Henry VIII's reign?

  It was not clearly Protestant or Catholic
• How did the religious conflict in England affect Elizabeth's rule?

  It created a risk of rebellion if her religious settlement was unpopular
• What was Elizabeth's goal regarding religious conflict?

  To create a via media or middle way
• Which countries were the most powerful in Europe during Elizabeth's reign?

  Spain and France
• Who was the ruler of Spain during Elizabeth's reign?

  King Philip II
• What was a major source of wealth for Spain in the 16th century?

  Gold and silver from the New World
• What was the relationship between England and France when Elizabeth became queen?

  They were at war
• What was the religious situation in France during Elizabeth's reign?

  It was predominantly Catholic with a growing Protestant movement
• Who was the ruler of Scotland during Elizabeth's reign?

  Mary, Queen of Scots
• What alliance existed between Scotland and France?

  They had an old alliance
• What was the significance of the Pope during Elizabeth's reign?

  The Pope had significant influence among Catholics
• What was the legitimacy issue Elizabeth faced?

  Many Catholics believed she was illegitimate
• Why was gender a problem for Elizabeth as a monarch?

  Society believed women could not hold power
• What was expected of Elizabeth regarding marriage?

  She was expected to marry and have an heir
• What financial issue did Elizabeth inherit from Mary I?

  A substantial debt of £227,000
• What economic problems did Elizabeth face?

  High unemployment and poverty due to poor harvests
• What are the key differences between Catholics and Protestants during Elizabeth's reign?

  • Catholics recognize the Pope as the head of the Church.
  • Protestants believe in the monarchy of the church.
  • Catholics use Latin for services; Protestants use English.
  • Catholics favor decorated churches; Protestants prefer simplicity.
  • Only priests can communicate with God in Catholicism; Protestants believe anyone can.
  • Catholics believe in transubstantiation; Protestants view communion as symbolic.
• What were the four additional problems Elizabeth faced in 1558?

  1. Legitimacy: Belief she was illegitimate due to her parents' marriage.
  2. Gender: Societal views that women could not hold power.
  3. Marriage: Pressure to marry and produce an heir.
  4. Finance: Inherited substantial debt and economic issues.
• What was the Act of Supremacy?

  It established Elizabeth as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England
• What was Elizabeth's approach to resolving religious conflict?

  She aimed to create a religious settlement through compromise
• What do Protestants believe about priests?

  Protestants do not believe a priest is holy.
• How do Protestants view communication with God?

  Anyone can communicate with God without a priest.
• What is the stance of clergy regarding vestments in Protestantism?

  Clergy shouldn't be wearing vestments.
• What do Catholics believe happens during transubstantiation?

  Catholics believe the bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Christ.
• How do Protestants view the bread and wine during communion?

  Protestants believe it is symbolic of the Last Supper.
• What significant action did Elizabeth take in 1559?

  Elizabeth made her religious settlement through Parliament.
• What were the three parts of Elizabeth's religious settlement?

  1. Act of Supremacy: Elizabeth became the supreme governor of the Church of England.
  2. Act of Uniformity: Required uniformity in the Church of England and use of the English Book of Common Prayer.
  3. Royal Injunctions: Denounced Catholic doctrines and mandated the use of an English Bible.
• What was the consequence of not attending the Church of England service every Sunday?

  You would be fined one shilling.
• How did the fine of one shilling affect ordinary people compared to noblemen?

  For ordinary people, it was about their average week's wage.
• What was the purpose of the Royal Injunctions?

  To denounce Catholic beliefs and enforce Protestant doctrine.
• What was the significance of the English Bible in churches?

  All churches must use an English Bible.
• What were the key differences between Catholic and Protestant ideas in Elizabeth's church?

  • Protestant ideas: English prayer books, vague wording around communion.
  • Catholic ideas: Acceptance of some traditional practices to appease Catholics.
• What was the Puritan challenge to Elizabeth's settlement?

  The Puritan challenge aimed to change the religious settlement to align more with their beliefs.
• What factors contributed to the strength and weakness of the Puritan challenge?

  Strengths:

  • Friends in high places (Puritan councillors).
  • Crucifix controversy forced Elizabeth to back down.

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Limited numbers and divisions among Puritans.
  • Lack of a strong leader.
• What was the crucifix controversy?

  It involved Puritan bishops refusing to accept crucifixes in churches.