Lesson 2 (From Tentative Module)

• In a survey conducted by the Katz Business School at the University of Pittsburg, organizations rated communication skills as the most important factor used in selecting their management staff. The study found that oral and written communication skills were important in predicting job success, as was the ability to communicate well with others in the workplace (Mtd Training, 2010).
• This result makes sense after all since communication is innate to us. Therefore, for us to be able to communicate well is important. If we are not able to communicate well, the messages we send get lost in translation (Mtd Training, 2010).
• Similarly, Bernales, Balon and Biligan (2018) stated that when the flow of information is blocked for some reason or the parties cannot make themselves understood, then communication fails.
• Communication is the art and process of creating and sharing ideas. Effective communication depends on the richness of those ideas.
• Eugene White (1960) mentions eight stages in the cycle of communication. These are:

  ↔ Thinking

  ↔ Symbolizing

  ↔ Expressing

  ↔ Transmitting

  ↔ Receiving

  ↔ Decoding

  ↔ Reacting, and

  ↔ Monitoring
• Speaking and listening are vital elements of communication. Therefore, in any communication situation, you are both speaker and listener.(Villamarzo, 2003)
• Roman Jacobson mentions the following as components of communication:

  ↔ Addressor (speaker)

  ↔ Addressee (listener

  ↔ Context (situation)

  ↔ Contact

  ↔ Code, and

  ↔ Message
• Gronbeck defines model as "a picture or a representation of a thing or process" that identifies the key parts or elements and indicates how each element affects the operations of all of the elements.
• Communication Model, therefore, is a sketch that shows the basic elements of the communication process, and how each element affects the other elements in the entire communication process as a system
• Components of communication

  • Speaker/sender
  • Message
  • Channel or medium
  • Receiver/listener
  • Feedback
  • Noise
  • Situation/context
• Message - Is the key idea that the sender wants to communicate.
• Message - It is a sign that elicits the response of the recipient.
• Message is what you communicate verbally or non –verbally
• Verbal delivery of messages includes:

  ● Elements of voice (rate, volume, pitch, and quality)

  ● Articulation, and

  ● Pronunciation
• Verbal message consists of three variables:

  ● Content (is everything you say about something: referential or

  relational) Ref- all relevant to your topic; Rel – a suggestion of any relationship to your listeners

  ● Structure (the pattern of organization you follow)

  ● Style (how you express your ideas)
• The channel or medium is the language you use.
• It is also called channel, the medium is the means by which a message is transmitted.
• Feedback - Is the main component of the communication process as it permits the sender to analyze the efficacy of the message
• SITUATION or CONTEXT

  o It refers to the time and place in which communication occurs

  o This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact of the successful exchange of information. It may have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to it.
• Developing a message is known as encoding. Interpreting the message is referred to as decoding.
• The goal of communication is to convey information—and the understanding of that information—from one person or group to another person or group. This communication process is divided into three basic components: A sender transmits a message through a channel to the receiver. (Figure shows a more elaborate model.)
• (Aristotle Model) This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication.
• A later version of the theory by Warren Weaver added a 7th concept (‘feedback’) which changed the model from a linear to cyclical model (Drew, 2020).
• (Shannon's model) It is known as the “mother of all models” because of its wide popularity. The model is also known as ‘information theory’ or the ‘Shannon theory’ because Shannon was the main person who developed the theory.
• The model’s (Shannnon Model) primary value is in explaining how messages are lost and distorted in the process of communication (Drew, 2020).
• Encoder or Transmitter
• The channel of communication is the infrastructure that gets information from the sender and transmitter through to the decoder and receiver.
• Two types of noise: Internal and External noise.
• Decode or Interpret the meaning.
• The ‘feedback’ step was not originally proposed by Shannon and Weaver in 1948. Norbert Weiner came up with the feedback step in response to criticism of the linear nature of the approach. (‘Linear’ means that the messages are only going one way).
• Berlo’s model includes a number of factors under each of the elements:

  Source (Sender to Message = Encoding)

  • Communication skills
  • Attitudes
  • Knowledge
  • Social system
  • Culture

  Message

  • Content
  • Element
  • Treatment
  • Structure
  • Code

  Channel (Channel to Receiver = Decoding)

  • Hearing
  • Seeing
  • Touching
  • Smelling
  • Tasting

  Receiver (Same subcontext sa sender)
• Janse (2019) in his article explains that the Schramm Communication Model is a cyclical communication model containing all basic principles of communication.
• Janse (2019) in his article explains that the Schramm Communication Model is a cyclical communication model containing all basic principles of communication.
• Schramm Communication Model offers a classic approach to and explanation of communication. It can be used to determine how communication between two people works when they’re exchanging information, ideas, or attitudes.
• (Schramm Communication Model) The cyclical communication model is based on the theory and belief that communication is a two-way street. This means there’s at least a sender and a recipient.
• (Schramm Model) The recipient and sender can also be one and the same. This is called intra-personal communication. The former is called interpersonal communication.
• The model (Transactional Model) is mostly used for interpersonal communication and is also called circular model of communication.
• Transactional model is the process of continuous change and transformation where every component is changing such as the people, their environments and the medium used. Due to this, it assumes the communicators to be independent and act any way they want.
• Transactional model relates communication to social reality of an individual or a group of people in social, cultural and relational contexts.
• Social context in communication refers to the norms, values, laws and other restrictions of a society to communicate within a specific limit. It also includes rules that bind people’s ability to communicate. Society shapes the way a person communicates. Some of the examples are:

  greeting people when meeting, thanking, apologizing, etc.