acids and bases

• What does the Brønsted-Lowry theory state about acids and bases?

  Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors.
• What happens when a substance dissolves in water?

  The solution may be acidic, neutral, or alkaline.
• What ions do acids produce in water?

  Acids produce H3O+ ions in water.
• What are the two types of acids?

  Strong acids and weak acids.
• How do strong acids behave in water?

  Strong acids completely dissociate into ions.
• What is the dissociation reaction of a strong acid in water?

  HA + H2O → H3O+ + A-
• How does the dissociation of a weak acid differ from that of a strong acid?

  A weak acid partially dissociates into ions, while a strong acid completely dissociates.
• What does it mean if an acid is described as weak?

  The weaker the acid, the less it dissociates and the more the equilibrium lies to the left.
• What are the two types of bases?

  Strong bases and weak bases.
• How do strong bases behave in water?

  Strong bases completely dissociate in water into ions.
• What is the dissociation reaction of a strong base in water?

  NaOH + aq → Na+ + OH-
• How does the dissociation of a weak base differ from that of a strong base?

  A weak base partially dissociates into ions, while a strong base completely dissociates.
• What is the distinction between strong/weak and concentrated/dilute acids or bases?

  Strong and weak refer to how ionized or dissociated the substance is in water, while concentrated and dilute refer to the amount of water present.
• Are concentrated hydrochloric acid and dilute hydrochloric acid both strong acids?

  Yes, both are strong acids because they are completely ionized in water.
• Are concentrated ethanoic acid and dilute ethanoic acid both weak acids?

  Yes, both are weak acids because they are only partly ionized in water.
• What is a proton in the context of acids and bases?

  A proton is a hydrogen ion, H+.
• Why is hydrochloric acid considered an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory?

  Because it is a proton donor.
• How does water act when mixed with hydrochloric acid?

  Water acts as a base because it gains a proton to become H3O+.
• In the reaction between HCl and water, what roles do HCl and water play?

  HCl is the acid and water is the base.
• In the reaction involving ammonia and water, what roles do ammonia and water play?

  Ammonia acts as a base and water acts as an acid.
• What is the distinction between ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+)?

  Ammonia is NH3, while ammonium is NH4+.
• What are amphiprotic substances?

  Species that can act as either an acid or a base.
• What reactions can occur with the hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3-) in water?

  HCO3- can react to form H3O+ and CO32- or H2CO3 and OH-.
• What is the relationship between Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases?

  Every Brønsted-Lowry acid has a conjugate base, and every Brønsted-Lowry base has a conjugate acid.
• How are acids and bases related in the Brønsted-Lowry theory?

  Acids donate protons to form conjugate bases, and bases accept protons to form conjugate acids.
• What happens when comparing a weak and strong acid of the same concentration?

  Both will produce the same amount of product from the same amount of reactant, but the weak acid will take longer to react.
• What is the ionization of a strong acid in water?

  The ionization of a strong acid is complete.
• What is the ionization of a weak acid in water?

  The ionization of a weak acid is only partial.
• What happens to the number of H3O+ ions produced by a weak acid during a reaction?

  The number of H3O+ ions produced is small, but more acid molecules ionize as the reaction proceeds.
• What is Le Chatelier's Principle in the context of weak acids?

  As H3O+ ions react, more acid molecules ionize to produce more hydrogen ions and conjugate base.
• What are the acid/base conjugate pairs in the reaction HA + B ⇌ BH+ + A-?

  The acid/base conjugate pairs are HA/A- and BH+/B.
• What happens when salts dissolve in water?

  Some salts produce solutions that are not neutral; the ions formed can react with water.
• What is the behavior of NaCl when dissolved in water?

  NaCl is neutral because neither Na+ nor Cl- ions react with water.
• What is the behavior of NH4Cl when dissolved in water?

  NH4Cl is acidic because NH4+ can act as a proton donor to water.
• What is the behavior of CH3COONa when dissolved in water?

  CH3COONa is alkaline because CH3COO- acts as a base.
• What is the behavior of Na2CO3 when dissolved in water?

  Na2CO3 is alkaline because CO32- acts as a base.
• What are the key points of the Brønsted-Lowry theory?

  • Acids are proton donors.
  • Bases are proton acceptors.
  • Strong acids completely dissociate; weak acids partially dissociate.
  • Strong bases completely dissociate; weak bases partially dissociate.
• What are the characteristics of strong and weak acids and bases?

  Strong acids:

  • Fully ionized
  • Low pH
  • High conductivity
  • Rapid reaction with metals

  
  

  Weak acids:

  • Partially ionized
  • Higher pH
  • Low conductivity
  • Slow reaction with metals
• What is the relationship between pH and concentration of H3O+ ions?

  Low pH indicates high concentration of H3O+ ions, while high pH indicates low concentration of H3O+ ions.
• How does the concentration of H3O+ ions affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher concentration of H3O+ ions leads to faster reaction rates, while lower concentration leads to slower reaction rates.