topic 6- inheritance, variation, and evolution

• What is meiosis?

  Meiosis is the formation of four non-identical haploid daughter cells from one cell.
• What is mitosis?

  Mitosis is the formation of two gentically identical diploid daughter cells from one cell.
• What does sexual reproduction involve?

  Sexual reproduction involves the joining of male and female gametes.
• What are the gametes in animals?

  Sperm and egg cells.
• What are the gametes in flowering plants?

  Pollen and egg cells.
• How many chromosomes does a normal cell have?

  A normal cell has 46 chromosomes.
• How are gametes formed?

  Gametes are formed by meiosis.
• How many chromosomes does each gamete have?

  Each gamete has 23 chromosomes.
• What happens during fertilization?

  Gametes fuse to produce a cell with 46 chromosomes.
• What is the result of sexual reproduction?

  It produces variation in the offspring.
• What is asexual reproduction?

  Asexual reproduction involves one parent with no gametes joining.
• How are cells formed in asexual reproduction?

  Cells are formed by mitosis, producing two identical cells.
• What is the outcome of asexual reproduction?

  It leads to clones that are genetically identical.
• Name an example of an organism that reproduces asexually.

  Bacteria.
• What is the process of meiosis in gamete formation?

  Meiosis forms gametes with one copy of each chromosome.
• What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

  The chromosomes are shuffled, resulting in genetic variation.
• What is the role of fertilization in reproduction?

  Fertilization joins gametes to restore the normal chromosome number.
• What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

  • Produces variation in offspring
  • Increases survival advantage in changing environments
  • Decreases extinction risk for the species
• What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

  • Only one parent is needed
  • Faster reproduction without the need to find a mate
  • Produces many identical offspring in favorable conditions
• What is the genetic material in the nucleus of a cell?

  The genetic material is composed of DNA.
• What is the structure of DNA?

  DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix.
• What are chromosomes made of?

  Chromosomes are made up of long strands of DNA.
• What is a gene?

  A gene is a small section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
• What is the genome?

  The genome is all the genes coding for all proteins within an organism.
• How has studying the human genome improved our understanding of diseases?

  It has improved understanding of genes linked to diseases and treatments.
• What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

  DNA contains the genetic code for making proteins.
• What is the process of protein synthesis?

  It involves DNA being transcribed to mRNA, which is translated to proteins.
• What are the types of proteins produced?

  Proteins can be enzymes, hormones, or structural proteins.
• What is a mutation?

  A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases in DNA.
• What are the types of mutations?

  Types of mutations include insertion, deletion, and substitution.
• How do mutations affect proteins?

  Mutations can change the amino acid sequence and protein structure.
• What is a gamete?

  A gamete is a reproductive cell with half the number of chromosomes.
• What is a chromosome?

  A chromosome is a structure made up of a long strand of DNA.
• What is a gene?

  A gene is a short section of DNA that codes for a protein.
• What are alleles?

  Alleles are different forms of a gene.
• What is a dominant allele?

  A dominant allele is expressed with only one copy needed.
• What is a recessive allele?

  A recessive allele requires two copies to be expressed.
• What is homozygous?

  Homozygous means both inherited alleles are the same.
• What is heterozygous?

  Heterozygous means one allele is dominant and the other is recessive.
• What is genotype?

  Genotype is the combination of alleles an individual has.