concentration of acids and bases

• concentration = mass dissolved (solute) divided by volume of solution
• cm3 to dm3 = divide by 1000
• m3 to dm3 = multiply by 1000
• dm3 to cm3 = multiply by 1000
• dm3 to m3 = divide by 1000
• amount of substance (mol) = mass (g) divided by Mr (g/mol)
• mol/dm3 x Mr = g/dm3
• mol = concentration (mol/dm3) x volume (dm3)
• What is a sulfate?

  A sulfate is a chemical compound containing the sulfate ion, $SO_4^{2-}$.
• What is a base?

  A base is a substance that reacts with an acid to produce salt and water.
• What is an alkali?

  An alkali is a substance that produces hydroxide ions ($OH^−$) in aqueous solutions.
• What is a strong acid?

  A strong acid is an acid that completely ionizes in aqueous solutions.
• What is a weak acid?

  A weak acid is an acid that only partially ionizes in aqueous solutions.
• What happens to acid particles in strong acids when dissolved in water?

  All the acid particles dissociate fully in water to produce the maximum number of hydrogen ions.
• Give examples of strong acids.

  Examples of strong acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO₃), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
• What characterizes weak acids in water?

  Weak acids do not fully dissociate in water, and only a small proportion of acid particles dissociate to release hydrogen ions.
• Give examples of weak acids.

  Examples of weak acids include ethanoic acid, citric acid, and phosphoric acid.
• What is the nature of the ionization of weak acids?

  The ionization of weak acids is a reversible reaction.
• What are some examples of insoluble metal compounds?

  Insoluble metal compounds include metal oxides like CaO and metal carbonates like CaCO₃.
• What is a characteristic of concentrated acids?

  Concentrated acids have little to no water molecules mixed with the acid molecules.
• What is a characteristic of dilute acids?

  Dilute acids have a large amount of water mixed with the acid molecules.
• What does pH measure?

  pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
• How does the pH scale relate to hydrogen ion concentration?

  For every decrease of 1 on the pH scale, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases by a factor of 10.
• What is the mathematical relationship for pH?

  The pH is calculated using the formula pH = -log[H⁺].