Betty Neuman

• • A unique, open-system based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of concerns, A client system in interaction with the environment delineates the domain of nursing concerns

  System Models
• system models

  Betty Neuman
• major concepts

  wholistic approach

  open system

  client system
• clients are seen as whole whose part are in dynamic interaction, All 5 variables are affecting the client system simultaneously: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual

  wholistic approach
• Continuous flow of input, process, output and feedback

  open system
• A composite of the variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual)

  client system
• Basic structure

  lines of resistance

  normal line of defense

  flexible line of defense
• • Lines of  resistance serve as protection factors that are activated by stressors penetrating the normal line of defense 

  lines of resistance
• • It represents the adaptational level of health developed over the course of time and serves as the standard by which to measure wellness deviation. 

  normal line of defense
• • It is perceived as serving as a protective buffer for preventing stressors from breaking through the usual wellness state as represented by the normal line of defense. 

  flexible line of defense
• 3 levels of protection

  primary

  secondary

  tertiary
• • Environmental factors classified as intrapersonal (within yourself), interpersonal (relationships with other people), and extrapersonal (environmental) factors

  stressors
• degree of reactions

  prevention as intervention

  reconstitution
• • Interventions are purposeful actions to help the client retain, attain, or maintain system stability. They can occur before or after protective lines of defense and resistance are penetrated.

  prevention as intervention
• • Reconstitution occurs after treatment for stressor reactions. It represents return of the system to stability, which may be at a higher or lower level of wellness than before stressor invasion

  reconstitution
• a unique profession that is concerned with all of the variables affecting clients in their environment

  Nursing
• • A continuum from wellness to illness that is dynamic in nature and is constantly changing

  Health
• • The internal and external forces surrounding the client, influencing and being influenced by the client

  Environment
• as clients or client system

  person